1. Recap Sometimes it is necessary to conduct Bad Science – often the product of having too much information Human Genome Project changed natural scientists perspective on data Data Driven Science is alive and well

2. Agenda What are these things anyway… – DNA – RNA – Protein Sequences – Genes Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

3. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid It’s the genetic material of organic life 4 different nucleotides They bond together in polynucleotide chain (a sequence) Bonded by a phosphodiester bond

4. DNA

6. DNA & RNA

8. Double Helix

11. Central Dogma Proteins do all the work on cellular level They act catalysts called Enzymes They make everything work Different cells do different things. In each cell is the genetic blue print to do everything But only a small part of the blue print is used by an individual cell.

12. RNA Single stranded Ribonucleic acid RNA makes a copy of a subsequence of DNA (a gene) – Called transcription RNA then makes Proteins – Called translation – Protein synthesis is complicated (take a biology course)

13. RNA & DNA RNA consists of A C G and U DNA consists of A C G and T The blue prints of organic life use a 4-symbol encoding. I often wonder why?

14. Genes Term used in many different ways Narrow definition: Genes are small sub-sequences of the DNA that spell out instructions needed to make the enzyme catalysts produced by cells.

15. Gene Expression The process of using the information stored in DNA to make RNA and then a corresponding protein. Parts of the DNA sequence are used to directly transcribe RNA Part of the DNA sequence help with the Expression Process. – They don’t actually make a protein but assist in the process. Most of our DNA helps with Expression (we think) Genes are only a small part of the entire Genome.