1. IT Outsourcing  Until 1990, the major drivers for outsourcing were: Cost-effective access to specialized or occasionally needed computing power or systems development skills Avoidance of building in-house IT skills and skill sets, primarily an issue for small and very low-technology organizations Access to special functional capabilities. Outsourcing during this period was important but, in retrospect, largely peripheral to the main IT activities that took place in mid-sized and large organizations.

2. IT Outsourcing  Contracting ? “Contracting is the purchasing of goods or services when the buyer owns the process.” Bendor-Samuel If the buyer owns a process but purchases time, products or services to facilitate that process, then the buyer is in a contractual relationship.  Outsourcing? “Outsourcing takes place when an organization transfer the ownership of a business process to a supplier” Bendor-Samuel. The key is the concept of transfer of control or transfer of ownership. This is why IT outsourcing is very challenging and often a painful process.

3. IT Outsourcing  What drives Outsourcing Concern for cost and quality  Can we get our existing services for a reduced price at acceptable quality standard? (cost reduction)  Can we get new systems developed faster? Breakdown in IT performance  Access to capabilities not otherwise available Intense Supplier pressure  To free internal resources for other purposes Simplified GM Agenda  Concentrating on core competence?  Improved company focus Financial factors (make capital available)  E.g. General Dynamics received $200m for transferring its hardware/software to EDS.  Cash infusion

4. IT Outsourcing  What drives Outsourcing To reduce cycle time  Some kind of process improvement (BPR/TQM) Corporate culture  Turn fixed cost into variable cost Eliminating Internal Irritant  Engage an outside agent in the change process.

5. IT Outsourcing  Disadvantages of IT Outsourcing Can Increase Costs Locks Company to a Provider  Switching Costs in outsourcing vs. contracting Terminating charges Resume responsibility for process itself Rebuild infrastructure Recapture the process expertise Removes Knowledge of Processes from the Company Time and materials, and other capital investments Decreases Ability to Use Information Technology Strategically Losing control over process Risk involved in establishing IT process group from scratch

6. IT Outsourcing  Why Outsourcing Alliances are so Difficult Length of relationship  Long term contracts (8-10 years.) in fast moving technical and business environment. A deal that make sense in the beginning might make less sense three years after and requires adjustments to functions  Resulting into negotiation and misunderstanding Outsourcing is relatively easy but in-sourcing again is very difficult  Initial process ownership investment, ?, etc

7. IT Outsourcing  Difficulties with IT Outsourcing Measuring results  In the first year the outputs closely resemble those anticipated in the contract. In subsequent year, however, the contract payment stream becomes less and less tied to the initial set of planned outputs as the world changes Supplier power  The longer the outsourcing-relationship continued, the more the power shifts to the supplier, why?

8. IT Outsourcing  When do the benefit of outsourcing outweigh the risks? Development portfolio Organizational learning A firm’s position in the market Current IT organization Make, Buy, Outsource Partnership Strategies

9. Development Portfolio  The higher the percentage of the systems development portfolio in maintenance or high-structured projects, the more the portfolio is a candidate for outsourcing Outsourcers with access to high-quality, cheap labor pools (e.g. in Russia, India or Ireland) and good project management skills can consistently outperform, on both cost and quality, a local unit that is caught in a “high-cost” geographic area and lacks the contacts, skills and confidence to manage extended relationship The growth of global fiber-optic networks has made all conventional thinking on where work should be done obsolete  Research have pointed out that more than 150,000 programmers are working in India on software development for US and European countries Large, low-structured projects pose very difficult coordination problems for outsourcing.

10. IT Outsourcing  Organizational Learning  “Many times people will change just the structure and the reporting relationships. But if you want to change a company, you’d better change more than that. There’s the formal structure and then there’s the way the company really works. You have to change the way it really works” Allaire Xerox CEO 1992 The more experience the firm has had in implementing redesign the easier the outsourcing will be Process reengineering seeks to install very different procedures for handling transactions and doing the firms work. Responsibility for such development work (low structure by its very nature) is the hardest to outsource. A significant component of many firms’ applications development portfolios comprises projects related to business process reengineering or organizational transformation.

11. IT Outsourcing  A Firm’s Position in the market The further a company is from the network era in its internal use of IT, the more useful outsourcing can be to close the gap Firms still in the DP era and early micro era do not have the IT leadership, staff skills, or architecture to move ahead The outsourcer, by contrast, cannot just keep its old systems running, but must drive forward with contemporary practices and technology.

12. IT Outsourcing  Current IT Organization The more IT development and operations are already segregated, in the organization and in accounting, the easier it is to negotiate an enduring outsourcing contract. A stand-alone differentiated IT unit has already developed the integrating organizational and control mechanisms that are the foundation for an outsourcing contract. Separate functions and their ways of integrating with the rest of the organization already exist.

13. Make, Buy or Outsource Strategic Importance Company’s Skills Related to Best External Source Low High Equal Buy/Outsource Make or Buy/Out. Tend to make Make Strategic Alliances Rands (1993)

14. Sourcing Strategies High Low Need for tailor made support LowHigh Market Potential to provide the support In-house solution Cost sharing or strategic alliance/ Selective outsourcing True spin-Off or outsourcing (total)

15. THE OUTSOURCING PROCESS

16. STAGES OF OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING

17. Performing / Strategic Focus (Not just focusing on cost) Outsourcing Complexity Insourcing / Bystander (outsourcing between 1-5% of IT. Mostly purchasing of IT functions). Forming / experimenting stage (outsourcing between 10-20% of IT activities) Storming / Strategic decision point (Organization leaders share conflicting ideas about outsourcing and pursuing different strategy to provide IT services) Norming / Proactive Cost Focus (Beginning to form norms and actively focusing and proactively using outsourcing for cost saving including offshore. Outsourcing 20-40% of IT activities) 5432154321 Stages