1. A brief look at previous robotic missions to the moon Presented by Shawn Fenn 9-25-08

2. Soviet Union Robotic Missions Luna Program –Luna 1 1959 success (flyby) –Luna 2 1959success (impactor) –Luna 3 1959success (flyby) –Luna 4 1963partial failure (lander -> probe) –Luna 5 -8 1965failure (lander) –Luna 9 1966success (lander) –Luna 10 1966success (orbiter) –Luna 11 1966success (orbiter) –Luna 12 1966-67success (orbiter) –Luna 13 1966success (lander) –Luna 14 1968success (orbiter) –Luna 15 1969partial success (orbiter) –Luna 16 1970success (sample return) –Luna 17 1970success (lander) Lunokhod 1 1970-71success (rover) –Luna 19 1971-72success (orbiter) –Luna 20 1972success (lander) –Luna 21 1973success (lander) Lunokhod 2 1973success (rover) –Luna 22 1974-75success (orbiter) –Luna 24 1976success (lander) Zond Program –Zond 3 1965success (flyby) –Zond 5 1966success (flyby) –Zond 6 1968success (flyby) –Zond 7 1969success (flyby) –Zond 8 1970 success (flyby)

3. Soviet Union Robotic Missions Luna Program –Luna 1 1959 success (flyby) –Luna 2 1959success (impactor) –Luna 3 1959success (flyby) –Luna 4 1963partial failure (lander -> probe) –Luna 5 -8 1965failure (lander) –Luna 9 1966success (lander) –Luna 10 1966success (orbiter) –Luna 11 1966success (orbiter) –Luna 12 1966-67success (orbiter) –Luna 13 1966success (lander) –Luna 14 1968success (orbiter) –Luna 15 1969partial success (orbiter) –Luna 16 1970success (sample return) –Luna 17 1970success (lander) Lunokhod 1 1970-71success (rover) –Luna 19 1971-72success (orbiter) –Luna 20 1972success (lander) –Luna 21 1973success (lander) Lunokhod 2 1973success (rover) –Luna 22 1974-75success (orbiter) –Luna 24 1976success (lander) Zond Program –Zond 3 1965success (flyby) –Zond 5 1966success (flyby) –Zond 6 1968success (flyby) –Zond 7 1969success (flyby) –Zond 8 1970 success (flyby)

4. Luna 1 First spacecraft to reach the Moon Hermetically sealed sphere with external sensors –Cosmic ray counter –Equipment to register the intensity of cosmic rays and a recorder for photons in cosmic radiation. –Geiger counter –Scintillation counter (measures ionizing radiation) –All electrical equipment was powered off silver-zink and mercury oxide batteries. –Total mass 361.3 kilograms Mission to hit the moon by way of direct ascent trajectory –Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on Jan 2 1959 –On Jan 4 th 1959 Luna 1 passed 5,995 Km from the Moon at a speed of near 8,900 kilometers per hour Discoveries –Provided new data on Earth’s radiation belt –Found the Moon had no magnetic field

5. Luna 9 First spacecraft to achieve a lunar soft landing –Achieved landing where Luna 5 – 8 did not, landed about 4 months before Surveyor 1 –Two stage system –Launch platform used an airbag system for Lander impact –Lander 4 petals opened to right the lander and used as reflectors Center cylinder housed and angled mirror used for a periscope to reflect a view of the Moon’s surface. Mission to softland a camera module onto the lunar surface –Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket on Jan 31 1966 –On Feb 1 1966 Luna 9 soft landed on the Moon surface at 7.13 degrees north, 60.36 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum Discoveries –Established that a heavy object would not sink into the lunar dust –Returned five panoramas of the Moon’s surface

6. Luna 17 / Lunokhod 1 First to land a robotic rover –Luna 17 based off Luna 16 transported Lunokhod 1 instead of Luna 16’s sample return spacecraft –Lunokhod 1 first robotic vehicle to operate on the Moon’s surface Eight independent motorized wire-mesh wheels Lid contained solar cell array to recharge batteries Two man driving team via a pair of tv cameras Special device to impact lunar soil for density and mechanical property tests Included x-ray spectrometer, an x-ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors, and a laser device Mission to softland Lunokhod –Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by 4 stage Proton rocket on Nov 10 1970 –On Nov 17 1970 Luna 17 soft landed on the Moon surface at 38.28 degrees north, 35 degrees west in the Mare Imbrium –Expected to operate 3 lunar days but actually operated for 11 lunar days –15 minutes after landing radio link was established with Lunokhod 1 –Oct 4 1971 Lunokhod officially declared “dead” Discoveries –Lunokhod traveled 10,540 m, transmitted over 20,000 tv pictures, more than 200 tv panoramas, and over 500 lunar soil tests –French built laser reflector on Lunokhod 1 used to measure the precise distance from the Earth to the Moon

8. Zond 5 First spacecraft to loop around the moon and return to earth –Carried higher resolution cameras for far side moon shots and far earth shots –Carried a biological payload. Turtles, Wine flies, and meal worms Plants, seeds, and bacteria –Was believed to be a test for future manned Moon missions Mission to go around the far side of the moon and return –Launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik in Earth parked orbit on Sept 15 1968 –On Sept 18 1968 Zond 5 flew around the moon, closest distance was 1950 km. –Sept 21 1968 the reentry capsule entered the earth’s atmosphere, capsule splashed down in the Indian ocean Discoveries –Proved method for spacecraft flight around the moon and back –Found the biological payload okay after being behind the moon

9. U.S. Missions Pioneer Program –Pioneer 01958failure (orbiter) –Pioneer 11958failure (orbiter) –Pioneer 31958failure (flyby) –Pioneer 41959partial success (flyby) Ranger Program –Ranger 1 - 31962failure (impactor) –Ranger 41962success (impactor) –Ranger 51962 partial failure (impactor ->flyby) –Ranger 61964failure (impactor) –Ranger 71964success (impactor) –Ranger 81964success (impactor) –Ranger 91964success (impactor) Surveyor Program –Surveyor 11966success (lander) –Surveyor 21966partial failure (lander) –Surveyor 31967success (lander) –Surveyor 41967partial failure (lander) –Surveyor 51967success (lander) –Surveyor 61967success (lander) –Surveyor 71968success (lander)

10. U.S. Missions Cont. Lunar Orbiter Program –Lunar Orbiter 11966success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 21966-67success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 31967success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 41967success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 51968success (orbiter) Other Programs –Explorer 351967-73success (orbiter) –Clementine1994success (orbiter) –Lunar Prospector1998-99success (orbiter)

11. U.S. Missions Pioneer Program –Pioneer 01958failure (orbiter) –Pioneer 11958failure (orbiter) –Pioneer 31958failure (flyby) –Pioneer 41959partial success (flyby) Ranger Program –Ranger 1 - 31962failure (impactor) –Ranger 41962success (impactor) –Ranger 51962 partial failure (impactor ->flyby) –Ranger 61964failure (impactor) –Ranger 71964success (impactor) –Ranger 81964success (impactor) –Ranger 91964success (impactor) Surveyor Program –Surveyor 11966success (lander) –Surveyor 21966partial failure (lander) –Surveyor 31967success (lander) –Surveyor 41967partial failure (lander) –Surveyor 51967success (lander) –Surveyor 61967success (lander) –Surveyor 71968success (lander)

12. U.S. Missions Cont. Lunar Orbiter Program –Lunar Orbiter 11966success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 21966-67success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 31967success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 41967success (orbiter) –Lunar Orbiter 51968success (orbiter) Other Programs –Explorer 351967-73success (orbiter) –Clementine1994success (orbiter) –Lunar Prospector1998-99success (orbiter)

13. Ranger 7 First true successful U.S. spacecraft to return data prior to impact –Shares the same structure design as Ranger 6, 8, and 9 –Carried a wide array of cameras to capture images prior to impact –6 total cameras 2 wide angle 4 narrow angle –Overall height of Ranger 7 was 3.6 m. –Overall cost of Ranger program ~$170 million Mission to hit the moon and take as many picture prior to poof –Launched July 28 1964 –On July 31 1964 impacted the Moon at 10.70 south, 339.33 east latitude Results –Transmitted 4,308 excellent quality images

14. Surveyor 1 First U.S. Soft landing on the Moon –First of several landers to obtain data for possible man mission –Carried very little scientific instrumentation –Over 100 engineering sensors on board Mission to land on the Moon and collect surface data –Launched May 30 1966 –On June 2 1966 landed latitude -2.45 and longitude 316.79 Results –Returned surface data that would be used in the later Apollo program.

16. Surveyor 6 Continued softlanding U.S. spacecraft –4 th Surveyor to land safely on the moon –Carried very simular equipment as its predacesors but added an improved tv camera –Overall cost of the Surveyor program 469 million Mission to land on the Moon and collect surface data –Launched July 28 1964 –On Nov 7 1967 impacted the Moon at 0.49 latitude and 358.6 Longitude Results –Continued soil sampling and surface conditions –Established that lunar maria are remarkable uniform chemically as well in physical properties

18. Lunar Orbiter 1 Information gathering program on landing sites and general research –Designed to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface –First of 5 Orbiters that photographed 99% of the moons surface –Total cost of the Lunar Orbiters program $163 Million Mission to orbit and collect possible landing sites along with general exploration –Launched August 10 1966 –On October 29 1966 impacted at 6.35 N, 160.72 E lunar farside Results –Transmitted 42 high resolution and 187 medium resolution images

19. Taruntius crater

20. Questions ?

21. References www.Wikipedia.org http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov www.zarya.info www.Dkimages.com www.google.com