2. Some advocate discussions across groups to forestall perception of threat and minimize uncertainty. (e.g. Posen) Others argue only way to resolve disputes is by partitioning groups into separate enclaves. (e.g. Kaufmann) Minimizes uncertainty, allows defense.

3. International community: strike at root cause of conflict – elite identity manipulation. Support multiple independent media sources. Democratization: ensure multiple political parties exist.

4. Good reason for pessimism that domestic politics prescriptions will be implemented. Due to perverse incentives in foreign policy bureaucracies of powerful Western states and international organizations.

5. Key is interaction and dialogue between groups. Buildup of “good” experiences to counter bad can change identities.