1. i)Chemical control 6)Management c)Control

2. i)Chemical control Chief tool 6)Management c)Control

3. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but often creates other hazards 6)Management c)Control

4. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but often creates other hazards Evolution of resistance 6)Management c)Control

5. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but often creates other hazards Evolution of resistance Herbicide needs to be approved for target species 6)Management c)Control

6. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but often creates other hazards Evolution of resistance Herbicide needs to be approved for target species Often expensive 6)Management c)Control

7. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but often creates other hazards Evolution of resistance Herbicide needs to be approved for target species Often expensive Public opposition 6)Management c)Control

8. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but often creates other hazards Evolution of resistance Herbicide needs to be approved for target species Often expensive Public opposition Many above compounded by need for repeated applications 6)Management c)Control

9. i)Chemical control To spray, or not to spray? 6)Management c)Control

10. i)Chemical control To spray, or not to spray? Does the “good” outweigh the “bad”? 6)Management c)Control

11. i)Chemical control To spray, or not to spray? Does the “good” outweigh the “bad”? How effective is herbicide against targets? Will herbicide affect non-targets? Will herbicide use conflict with other management goals/uses? Will there be adverse environmental impacts? Is it cost effective? 6)Management c)Control

12. i)Chemical control To spray, or not to spray? Does the “good” outweigh the “bad”? Can the herbicide be practically and safely used? 6)Management c)Control

13. i)Chemical control To spray, or not to spray? Does the “good” outweigh the “bad”? Can the herbicide be practically and safely used? Have you read and understood the label? What are the safety protocols for storing, mixing, transporting, using, disposing of herbicide? What are federal, state, & local regulations for use of herbicide? Is specific or general applicator training or permits required? Is the appropriate protective gear available and practical to use? 6)Management c)Control

14. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? 6)Management c)Control

15. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Based on chemical structure Mode of action Similar chemical structure usually similar modes of action, but different structure can also give similar modes of action 6)Management c)Control

16. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Auxin mimics 6)Management c)Control

17. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Auxin mimics Mitosis inhibitors 6)Management c)Control

18. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Auxin mimics Mitosis inhibitors Photosynthesis inhibitors 6)Management c)Control

19. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Auxin mimics Mitosis inhibitors Photosynthesis inhibitors Amino acid synthesis inhibitors 6)Management c)Control

20. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Auxin mimics Mitosis inhibitors Photosynthesis inhibitors Amino acid synthesis inhibitors Lipid synthesis inhibitors 6)Management c)Control

21. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent 6)Management c)Control

22. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation 6)Management c)Control

23. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Ingredients Active ingredients Adjuvants Solvents, carriers, dyes 6)Management c)Control

24. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Ingredients Form Liquid, sprayable Dry granules, pellets, or dusts 6)Management c)Control

25. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation 6)Management c)Control

26. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Movement 6)Management c)Control

27. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Movement Immobilization 6)Management c)Control

28. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Movement Immobilization Degradation Photodegradation Microbial degradation Chemical decomposition 6)Management c)Control

29. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Movement Immobilization Degradation Photodegradation Microbial degradation Chemical decomposition Volatilization 6)Management c)Control

30. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Toxicity LD50 / LC50 6)Management c)Control

31. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Toxicity LD50 / LC50 Human toxicity 6)Management c)Control

32. i)Chemical control Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Toxicity LD50 / LC50 Human toxicity Adjuvants, impurities, & degradation products 6)Management c)Control

33. i)Chemical control Chief tool, but: Evolution of resistance Approved for target species Expensive Public opposition Repeated applications To spray, or not to spray Does the “good” outweigh the “bad”? Can the herbicide be practically and safely used? Which herbicide to use? Herbicide families Mode of action Pre-emergent vs post-emergent Formulation Dissipation Toxicity 6)Management c)Control

34. i)Chemical control Application methods: 6)Management c)Control

35. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar Spot 6)Management c)Control

36. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar Spot Wick 6)Management c)Control

37. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar Spot Wick Boom 6)Management c)Control

38. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar (spot, wick, boom) 2.Basal bark 6)Management c)Control

39. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar (spot, wick, boom) 2.Basal bark 3.Frill method (aka “hack & squirt”) 6)Management c)Control

40. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar (spot, wick, boom) 2.Basal bark 3.Frill method (aka “hack & squirt”) 4.Injection 6)Management c)Control

41. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar (spot, wick, boom) 2.Basal bark 3.Frill method (aka “hack & squirt”) 4.Injection 5.Cut-stump 6)Management c)Control

42. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar (spot, wick, boom) 2.Basal bark 3.Frill method (aka “hack & squirt”) 4.Injection 5.Cut-stump 6.Pellet 6)Management c)Control

43. i)Chemical control Application methods: 1.Foliar (spot, wick, boom) 2.Basal bark 3.Frill method (aka “hack & squirt”) 4.Injection 5.Cut-stump 6.Pellet 7.Pre-emergent 6)Management c)Control

44. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 6)Management c)Control

45. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 6)Management c)Control

46. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 6)Management c)Control

47. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 6)Management c)Control

48. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 6)Management c)Control

49. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 5.Statement of use 6)Management c)Control

50. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 5.Statement of use 6.Product name and contents 6)Management c)Control

51. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 5.Statement of use 6.Product name and contents 7.Signal word 6)Management c)Control

52. i)Chemical control Signal words for Pesticide labels: 6)Management c)Control

53. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 5.Statement of use 6.Product name and contents 7.Signal word 8.First aid treatment 6)Management c)Control

54. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 5.Statement of use 6.Product name and contents 7.Signal word 8.First aid treatment 9.Registration information 6)Management c)Control

55. i)Chemical control Pesticide labels (regulated by EPA) 1.Precautionary statements 2.Directions for use 3.Re-entry statement 4.Storage & disposal directions 5.Statement of use 6.Product name and contents 7.Signal word 8.First aid treatment 9.Registration information 10.Warranty 6)Management c)Control

56. i)Chemical control Handout: Summary of properties for 11 commonly used herbicides 6)Management c)Control