1. Winter wk 3 – Thus.20.Jan.05 Ch.24: Voltage and electric field Ch.26: Current and resistance Solar applications Ch.27: Circuits Energy Systems, EJZ

2. Equipotential surfaces and E fields Equipotential = constant voltage Conductors are equipotentials, in electrostatics Potential difference  Electric field dV/dx = -E or, equivalently, Practice: Ch.24 Q5,8 (p.646), P#3, 4, 6, 35

3. Ch.24 #4

4. Ch.24 #6

5. Ch.24 #35

6. Electrostatics (d/dt=0): charges  fields  forces, energy Charges make E fields and forces charges make scalar potential differences dV E can be found from V Electric forces move charges Electric fields store energy (capacitance) F = q E = m a W = qV, C = q/V

7. Ch.26: Currents and Resistance Current = rate of flow of charge I = dq/dt Units: amps = coulombs/sec Current density: J = current/area = n e v Ch.26 Q1, 2, P.1, 8 Water flow:Electricity flow: pressurevoltage V volume/timecurrent I

8. Ch.26: Q1, 2, P.1, 8

9. Resistance Resistance = resistivity * area/length R =  A/L Which conductor has the greatest resistivity? Ch.26: Q3

10. Ohm’s law In many substances, for a given resistance R, the stronger the driving voltage, the greater the current that flows: Voltage = current * resistance V = I * R Ch.26 Q5, P.17

11. Power in electric circuits Power = rate of energy xfr = voltage*current P = V I units: Watts = volts * amps Recall that work = qV. Units: J = CV Solve for V( J,C ) = Then [volts]*[amps] = ____*C/s = ______ If V=IR, find P( I,R ) = P( R,V ) = Ch.26 #35, 64

12. Ch.27: Circuits: Battery pumps electricity  current flows http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/watcir.html#c1

13. Voltage = emf  Voltage = potential difference Electromotive force  =  V = dW/dq =work done per unit charge d  /dx = -E = electric field

14. Emf  and electric field E d  /dx = -E = electric field Using the fundamental theorem of calculus, we can derive another of Maxwell’s eqns:

15. Ch.27: Practice with simple circuits Q2 #5, 14

16. Solar applications Storms from the Sun: p.13: If a CME travels at 1 million miles per hour, how long does it take to reach Earth? p.16: The 2 May 1994 event dumped 4600 GW-hr of electricity into Earth’s upper atmosphere. How much energy is that in Joules? p.16: If the Earth’s mean magnetic field is B 0 =0.5 Gauss, and one Tesla=10 4 Gauss, by what percent does 2000 nanoTesla change Earth’s field? p.54: For the CME of 1 Sept 1859: calculate its speed v, if it took 18 hours to reach Earth.

17. more Solar applications Storms from the Sun: p.77: If R sun = 100 R Earth, then find the ratio of their volumes, V sun /V Earth p.77: If m=5 millions tons of mass is converted to energy (E=mc 2 ) each second, calculate the power (P) produced by the Sun. p.82: If the Sun’s mass is M=2x10 30 kg, and it keeps losing dm/dt = 5 million tons per second, how long (T) can the Sun last? p.83: If the solar wind pours I=1 million amps into Earths magnetosphere, how much charge (Q) is that per day?

18. Extra solar applications p.13: Calculate v thermal from T solar wind. Compare to v flow. p.16: Derive the altitude for a geosynchronous orbit p.77: If the Sun’s core temperature is about T=10 7 K, calculate the thermal speed v th of protons in the core.