1. MIS 648 Lecture 21 MIS 648 Presentation Notes: Lecture 2 Managing the effects of culture on IT; managing an IT culture

2. MIS 648 Lecture 22 AGENDA  Goals of the Lecture  Introduction to the lecture

3. MIS 648 Lecture 23 Goals of the Lecture  Discuss the phenomenon of IT culture  Discuss ways in which culture influences how IT is deployed and used  Explore how culture influences IT- enabled business (such as E-commerce)  Introduce the idea that different cultures may think about IT in different ways

4. MIS 648 Lecture 24 Introduction to the Lecture  Culture affects perceptions (Parboteeah et al)  Culture influences technology adoption (Papazafeiropoulou)  Culture influences thinking about IT (Licker)

5. MIS 648 Lecture 25 Parboteeah, et al  TAM: Perceived Usefulness (PU)  This should be affected by culture as this is a value  Most studies have assumed this is an individual level variable.  Perhaps PU is also affected by cultural and social variables.

6. MIS 648 Lecture 26 The Logic of TAM (and how Culture Fits in) Benefit Cost Reward Effort In the form of Hedonic Calculation Tendency or Motivation to Employ (Use) “Usefulness” “Ease of Use” – Almost all software is easy to Use these days!

7. MIS 648 Lecture 27 Research Design  Three individual questions: Age, education, “New technologies will make work much (less/more) interesting”  Three socio-economic country-level indicators: Kg oil equivalent/person; weekly religious attendance/person; GINI  Three country-level Hofstede measures

8. MIS 648 Lecture 28 Survey  ISSP Work Module (National Opinion Res. Ctr.: U. Chicago; U. Cologne) ISSP  26, 999 individuals (age 16 and older) in 24 countries, mostly Europe plus Japan, Bangladesh, Israel, Philippines, Canada and the US  Random and quota sampling

9. MIS 648 Lecture 29 Research Model Perceived Useful- ness Social Institutions National Cultural Factors Industrialization Religiosity Social Inequality Individualism Uncert. Avoidance Masculinity Perceived Use- abillity Unstudied - + +- - + + Predicted positive influence - Predicted negative influence

10. MIS 648 Lecture 210 - + Actual Results Perceived Useful- ness Perceived Use- abillity Social Institutions National Cultural Factors Industrialization Religiosity Social Inequality Individualism Uncert. Avoidance Masculinity Unexpected + - +- - + + Measured positive influence - Measured negative influence Age Education - +

11. MIS 648 Lecture 211 What Do You Think?  Are the results meaningful? To whom?  Are the results useful? To whom?  Are the results valid?  What does this say about IT?

12. MIS 648 Lecture 212 Papazafeiropoulou  Electronic Commerce Adoption in various SE European countries  Authors think that “it is an obligation of governments to eliminate the phenomenon of the digital divide.  Basic question: What can be learned about government policies for future adoption of Electronic Commerce by less technologically advanced countries? Uneven access and use of digital technology both WITHIN a country and BETWEEN countries. Plans for government intervention in the uptake and subsequent deployment of information technology Countries that use information technology “less” than others. This is a problematic concept.

13. MIS 648 Lecture 213 Government Intervention Knowledge Building Knowledge Deploy Subsidy Innovation Directive Knowledge Deploy Subsidy Mobilization Knowledge Deploy Subsidy Standard Setting Innovation Directive Subsidy Standard Setting Innovation Directive Influence Regulation Supply PushDemand Pull I II III IV Research at Universities, eg. Education, Training Financial Support Awareness Campaigns Bringing order to “chaos” Use of IT by Gov’t, eg. Creating Supply of IT Creating Demand for IT Motivation, argumentation Rules, commands

14. MIS 648 Lecture 214 Research Details  Built on Project “SEED” (South Eastern European Digital economy)  Lasted two years (2000-2002); 50 interviews  “Delivery of dissemination and exploitation strategies that could be useful to policy makers in the participating countries:  Countries were Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Macedonia, Modova and Romania.

15. MIS 648 Lecture 215 Data/Analysis  Org’l information, gov’t statistics  Interviews of employees of consortium members.  SWOT analysis  Is SWOT a good tool?

16. MIS 648 Lecture 216 Results  All but Israel and Greece lag behind  Slow but constant growth  All gov’t support use of Internet and e-commerce  Use of e-government to help organize the public sector plus offer best practice examples to private sector and citizens  Other players include international agencies, professional and trade and industry associations, research-oriented higher educational institutions, financial institutions, chambers of commerce

17. MIS 648 Lecture 217 Data Analysis  Knowledge building: lack of support for R&D; poor universities; lack of funding for commercial exploitation; lack of encouragement for non-university-based research  Knowledge deployment: Inadequate educational systems; technical education slow to adapt; little infrastructure for IT literacy esp. for marginalized groups such as housewives, farmers, military personnel, low-income, etc.

18. MIS 648 Lecture 218 Data Analysis-2  Subsidy: Lack of access to continental funding programs by population at large  Mobilization: Lack of awareness about e- commerce, resulting in lack of trust  Standard setting: Lack of legislation to support e-commerce  Innovation directive: E-government mostly.

19. MIS 648 Lecture 219 Institutional Intervention: Policy Recommendation Influence Regulation Supply PushDemand Pull I II III IV

20. MIS 648 Lecture 220 From the Paper  “Electronic commerce helps communications and strengthens cooperation”  “Application of standards and cooperation at an international level is an important element for a successful electronic commerce policy.”  “Policy makers at the highest level [should] take into consideration ideas and thoughts of stakeholders at lower levels of decision making. The ‘good intention’ of national governments is not always enough…”  “The early electronic commerce experience of Western Europe and the US can benefit countries that are now at an initial stage of electronic commerce adoption. It is important to learn from previous mistakes and best practices….”

21. MIS 648 Lecture 221 What Do You Think?  “In this paper we considered electronic commerce as an innovation that can change radically the everyday life of the people around the globe.

22. MIS 648 Lecture 222 Licker (2002)  Three enduring characteristics of beliefs about computers  Fatalism  Determinism  Particularism  May be linked to culture, gender or occupation Belief that IT will “happen” regardless of human intervention Belief that IT shapes aspects of the human condition Belief that IT has characteristics of particular cultures

23. MIS 648 Lecture 223 Fatalism  IT is “going to happen” no matter what  IT institutions run themselves and submit to no authority  You can’t do anything about IT  IT is “out of control”

24. MIS 648 Lecture 224 Determinism  IT controls the economy  IT dictates what we do, what we think, whom we talk to  IT people have too much power  IT is the future

25. MIS 648 Lecture 225 Particularism  IT is “American”  IT is “unAmerican”  IT is a product of the X type of mind  IT is a tool of X imperialism  IT is an attempt to make us all Xes