1. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering By W. K. Lee, S. Shimpalee, J. Glandt and J. W. Van Zee Fuel Cell Research Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering University of South Carolina H. Naseri-Neshat Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology South Carolina State University Fundamental Behavior of PEM Fuel Cells

2. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering NUMERICAL STUDIES

3. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering OBJECTIVES To numerically simulate 3-D aspects of flow in PEM fuel cells To predict the local current output from fuel cell simulations. To include the thermal analysis to capture water phase change effect on PEM fuel cell performance. To include the transient analysis to capture the effect of voltage change on the performance

4. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering PEM FUEL CELL

5. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering MODEL DEVELOPMENT 10 cm. straight channel fuel cell.

6. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering MODEL EQUATIONS Conservation of mass. Momentum transport. Species transport. Phase change model of water. Energy equation. Electrochemical equations of PEM fuel cells. Steady state and time dependent

7. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE Commercial CFD software (FLUENT) Modified subroutine for source terms of continuity, species transport, heat and electrochemical equations.

8. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering RESULTS Three-dimensional numerical simulation of straight channel model. –The effect of diffusion layer added in the model on the performance. –The effect of membrane thickness on the fuel cell performance. –These results are compared with previous numerical works done by Fuller and Newman (1993) and Yi and Nguyen (1998).

9. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Effect of membrane thickness on the local –width current density profile for cases 1 and 2 comparing to the result of Yi and Nguyen

10. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Velocity vectors and mixture density contours at selected cross-flow planes for operating condition of case 1 (similar to Yi and Nguyen)

11. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Velocity vectors and mixture density contours at selected cross-flow planes for operating condition of case 3 (similar to Fuller and Newman)

12. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Fuel Cell with twenty channel serpentine flow path

13. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Fuel Cell model for twenty channel serpentine flow path Height (0.0026m) Length(0.032m)

14. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering RESULTS Three-dimensional numerical simulation of full-cell fuel cell. –The effect of diffusion layer properties (permeability) on species transport inside PEM fuel cell –The effect of inlet humidity on the fuel cell performance –Comparison of numerical results with available experimental data.

15. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering FUEL CELL MODEL FOR TWENTY CHANNELS SERPENTINE FLOW PATH

16. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering The velocity vectors of secondary flow and pressure of the mixture at center cross-flow plane for high humidity with low permeability

17. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering The velocity vectors of secondary flow and pressure of the mixture at center cross-flow plane for high humidity with high permeability

18. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering EXPERIMENT RESULTS Current Density

19. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Prediction of local current density contours for very low inlet humidity

20. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Prediction of local current density contours for very high inlet humidity

21. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Comparison of experiment current density data with the numerical predictions(average in x and y) for each inlet humidity.

22. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Prediction of contours of water vapor activity at the membrane interface on the anode side for the very high inlet humidity.

23. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Comparison of experiment current density data with the numerical predictions(average in x and y) for each inlet humidity.

24. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering CONCLUSIONS ` The effects of inlet humidity –The fuel cell performance changes with inlet humidity condition. The condition where insufficient water lowers the membrane conductivity and low currents The condition where excess water leads to flooding of the electrode and low currents due to decreased reaction area. The effect of diffusion layers added into the model –Create larger reaction area. –The current density is lower but uniform. The effect of membrane thickness –Increasing membrane thickness: the current density is decreased

25. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Temperature and water phase change effects on the performance

26. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Experiment results

27. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Temperature (K) contours on anode membrane surface for high inlet humidity

28. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Temperature distribution (K) at selected cross flow plane Channel width (mm) Channel height (mm)

29. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering liquid water presented (mass fraction) at cathode membrane surface inletoutlet

30. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Isothermal and single phase With water phase change effects Local current density contours on the membrane surface for selected operating condition

31. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Local current density along the flow path

32. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering Local current density (A/m 2 ) contours on the membrane surface For high inlet humidity (Ta/c = 85/75 o C) Avg current density Numerical ~ 0.67 A/cm 2 Exp.~ 0.64 A/cm 2

33. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering CONCLUSIONS Energy generation = temperature rise in 3-D =Water evaporation = dehydrates the membrane = decreases its performance. Non-isothermal model predicts – Temperature changes between inlet and outlet –Large current density differences for fixed operating condition –Anode and cathode flooding for high humidity condition –Good agreement with experimental I-V data and water balance closure (±10%) for an independently measured, fixed set of parameters

34. University of South Carolina FCR Laboratory Dept. of Chemical Engineering CONCLUSIONS Our PEM model can be applied to any flow-field configuration: Single pass with 4 serpentine channelsTriple passes with 11 serpentine channels