1. CKM’s Business Cycle Accounting Lawrence J. Christiano Joshua M. Davis

2. Background A strategy for identifying promising directions for model development Fit simple RBC model to data Identify ‘wedges’ –Distortions between marginal rates of substitution in preferences and technology necessary to reconcile model and data Decompose movements in data into components due to various wedges

3. CKM’s Conclusion Frictions that Enter Household Intertemporal Margin (i.e. Investment) not Important for Understanding the US Great Depression Standard models of financial frictions (e.g. Carlstrom-Fuerst and Bernanke-Gertler- Gilchrist) not useful directions for research

4. CKM Finding Potentially of Major Interest Early Phases of Great Depression Accompanied By Major Decline in the Stock Market Unusually Massive Decline in Investment Numerous Students of Great Depression Infer that Financial Market Imperfections Were Important CKM Finding Purports to Eliminate a Major Hypothesis About Great Depression From Further Consideration

5. CKM’s Result of Significant Interest Early phases of Great Depression accompanied by massive decline in investment and the stock market Numerous students of Great Depression infer that financial market imperfections were important CKM’s results oppose this conventional wisdom

7. Our Points: Small Changes in CKM Analysis Overturn their Conclusion Fundamental (Fatal?) Identification Problem Complicates the Analysis

22. Computational Details CKM Approach: –Estimate Model Based on Linear Approximation of Solution, and Linear Kalman Filter in Estimation –Recover Wedges Using Nonlinear Approximation to Model Our Approach –Do Nonlinear Approximation In Estimation and Wedge Recovery –Turns Out: Our Strategy and CKM Computational Strategy Yield Similar Results

23. Results First, We Reproduce CKM Calculations… –CKM Results Suggest Financial Frictions Not Important for Output, Investment and Employment –Our CKM Simulation Assumptions No Adjustment Costs –Same Finding With Alternative Identification

26. A Problem with the Preceding Result Based on Adjustment Costs When We Estimate Adjustment Cost Parameter Maximum Likelihood Does Not Like It (Drives a=0) But, A Priori Considerations Also Seem to Go Against CF Friction for Great Depression –A Tightening of Financial Frictions Implies, According to CF, that the Price of Capital Should Have Gone Up –But, the Price of Capital Seems to Have Fallen During Great Depression (See Stock Market). This Motivates Considering an Alternative Form of Financial Friction

31. When We Estimate Adjustment Costs with BGG Wedge, Parameter, a, Wants to be Very High (a=70). We Set a Conservatively: –Tobin’s q Elasticity = 1.28 Percent –a=10

36. Conclusion Key Conclusion of CKM Analysis: Financial Frictions that Enter Intertemporal Euler Equation Not Important for Understanding Great Depression Our Finding: Small Changes in CKM Environment Overturn Their Conclusion We Estimate Degree of Adjustment Costs and Use a More A Priori Plausible Model of Financial Frictions –Estimate That Financial Frictions Account for 30-40% of fall in output Deeper Identification Problem to Worry About