1. X-rays from Magnetically Channeled Winds of OB Stars David Cohen Swarthmore College with M. Gagné, S. St. Vincent, A. ud-Doula, S. Owocki, R. Townsend

2. What can X-rays do for us? Identify embedded, active young OB stars Can they discriminate magnetic sources from non- magnetic ones? Diagnostics of the properties of the hot (>10 6 K) plasma in the extended atmospheres of magnetic OB stars (Somewhat) passive probe of cooler circumstellar material

3. Outline Context  1 Ori C and the MCWS mechanism Other applications of MCWS and X-rays

4. M17: ~0.5Myr 4’4’4’4’ softmediumhard courtesy M. Gagné

5. Orion Nebula Cluster: ~1Myr 4’4’4’4’ softmediumhard dashed arrows point to very early B stars courtesy M. Gagné

6. Tr 14: ~0.5 - 2 Myr 4’4’4’4’ softmediumhard courtesy M. Gagné

7. NGC 6611: ~5Myr 7’7’7’7’ softmediumhard No hard sources courtesy M. Gagné

8. What’s happened to the hard, variable O stars by 5 Myr?

9. Let’s focus on one well-understood magnetic hot star:  1 Ori C

10. Dipole magnetic field (> 1 kG) measured on  1 Ori C Magnetic field obliquity,  ~ 45 o, inclination, i ~ 45 o Wade et al. (2006)

11. Babel and Montmerle (1997a,b) Channeling, confinement, shock-heating Steady state? Cooling disk? Insights such as centrifugal acceleration

12. Fortuitous access to all viewing angles of the magnetic field Note: slow rotation (centrifugal force negligible); field consistent with large-scale dipole Cartoon showing viewing angles of θ 1 Ori C for Chandra observations. Phase 0 is when the disk is viewed face-on (α=4 deg), while phase 0.5 occurs when the disk is viewed edge- on (α=87 deg)

13. Rotational modulation of the X-ray emission simply from variation in the occultation of the x-ray emitting magnetosphere by the star To 1 st order: depth of eclipse depends on how close the shock-heated plasma is to the star

14. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Simulation EM (10 56 cm -3 ) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 θ 1 Ori C ACIS-I count rate (s -1 ) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Rotational phase (P=15.422 days) Chandra broadband count rate vs. rotational phase Model from MHD simulation

15. Subsequent numerical MHD simulations by ud- Doula & Owocki (2002, etc.) Interplay between magnetic tension and wind kinetic energy – self-consistent field configuration Dynamical treatment (what happens as material accumulates at the tops of closed magnetic loops?) Complementary analyses: RRM, RFHD Aside: enhanced UV wind absorption at disk-on viewing angles rather than pole-on viewing angles

16. 2-D MHD simulation of  1 Ori C: density courtesy A. ud-Doula

17. 2-D MHD simulation of  1 Ori C: temperature courtesy A. ud-Doula

18. 2-D MHD simulation of  1 Ori C: speed courtesy A. ud-Doula

19. Predictions from MHD simulations (and original analysis of Babel and Montmerle): 7 Strong shocks – plasma very hot (few 10 7 K) Post-shock plasma moving quite slowly (Doppler broadening of X-ray emission lines should be quite modest – will there be a dependence on viewing angle?) Bulk of hot plasma is in the closed field region (< Alfven radius;  (r) < 1)

20. Differential emission measure (temperature distribution) MHD simulation of  1 Ori C reproduces the observed differential emission measure Wojdowski & Schulz (2005)

21.  Pup (O4 If) Line profiles: resolved, but narrow  1 Ori C: Ne X Ly-alpha

22. Distribution of X-ray line widths in  1 Ori C hotter lines: narrow, but resolved cooler lines: broad (LDI wind shocks) Gagné et al. (2005)

23. z-axis (stellar radii) x-axis (stellar radii) -5 0 5 0 -5 5 EM per unit volume (1110 ks) Line profile (1110 ks) – tilt: 0 deg Line-of-Sight Velocity (km/s) -500 0 500 EM (cm -3 ) 0 2x10 54 4x10 54 6x10 54 8x10 54 1x10 55 Line profile (1110 ks) – tilt: 90 deg Line-of-Sight Velocity (km/s) -500 0 500 EM (cm -3 ) 0 2x10 54 4x10 54 6x10 54 8x10 54 1x10 55 MHD sims: HWHM ~ 200 km/s No viewing angle dependence

24. There’s one more powerful x-ray spectral diagnostic that can provide useful information to test the wind-shock scenario: Certain x-ray line ratios provide information about the location of the x-ray emitting plasma Distance from the star via the line ratio’s sensitivity of helium-like f/i ratios to the local UV radiation field

25. g.s. 1s 2 1 S 1s2s 3 S 1s2p 3 P 1s2p 1 P resonance (r) intercombination (i) forbidden (f) 10-20 eV 1-2 keV Helium-like ions (e.g. O +6, Ne +8, Mg +10, Si +12, S +14 ) – schematic energy level diagram

26. The upper level of the forbidden line is very long lived – metastable (the transition is dipole-forbidden) g.s. 1s 2 1 S 1s2s 3 S 1s2p 3 P 1s2p 1 P resonance (r) intercombination (i) forbidden (f) 10-20 eV 1-2 keV

27. 1s2s 3 S 1s2p 3 P 1s2p 1 P resonance (r) intercombination (i) forbidden (f) g.s. 1s 2 1 S While an electron is sitting in the metastable 3 S level, an ultraviolet photon from the star’s photosphere can excite it to the 3 P level – this decreases the intensity of the forbidden line and increases the intensity of the intercombination line. UV

28. 1s2s 3 S 1s2p 3 P 1s2p 1 P resonance (r) intercombination (i) forbidden (f) g.s. 1s 2 1 S The f/i ratio is thus a diagnostic of the strength of the local UV radiation field. UV

29. 1s2s 3 S 1s2p 3 P 1s2p 1 P resonance (r) intercombination (i) forbidden (f) g.s. 1s 2 1 S If you know the UV intensity emitted from the star’s surface, it thus becomes a diagnostic of the distance that the x-ray emitting plasma is from the star’s surface. UV

30. Model of f/i ratio dependence on dilution factor (radius)

31. R I F helium-like magnesium Mg XI in  1 Ori C Single source radius assumed Data constrain: 1.0 < R fir < 2.1 R *

32. R fir =1.2 R * R fir =4.0 R * R fir =2.1 R *

33. He-like f/i ratios have the potential for discriminating MCWS from wind-wind sources – close to photosphere in the former case, not so much in the latter

34. MHD with rotation revealed the potential for breakout- driven magnetic reconnection …source of x-ray flaring in  Ori E (B2Vp)?

35. MHD simulation of MCWS: higher magnetic confinement and rapid rotation Note, though: confinement parameter of  Ori E is much higher than in this MHD simulation

36. temperature

37. Not much emission measure at very high temperatures from the reconnection (but maybe with larger confinement parameter?)

38. Another application: slowly rotating magnetic B star with a more complex field –  Scorpii (B0.2 V) MHD? RFHD? f/i ratios imply location of hot plasma between 2 and 3 R * … T ~ 20 MK – is there enough room in the closed field region for wind to accelerate to the required velocity? Rotational modulation? Donati et al. (2006)

39. Conclusions Magnetic OB stars with strong, large-scale dipole fields have distinctive X-ray properties: High X-ray luminosities Hard emission Narrow lines Rotational modulation (if magnetic obliquity.ne. 0) Specific, quantitative diagnostics for studying MCWS (but only some utility for identification)

40. Smaller scale magnetic structures…may have different effects on X-rays Centrifugally driven breakout and reconnection? But X-rays may not be very sensitive to it More…