1. Implementation Once a policy choice has been made there still remains several policy stages

2. Policy Legitimation Once a choice of solution has been made – it must be “sold” or legitimated to the public. If not, implementation may be impossible For example: Prohibition

3. How is this done? Interest Groups Political Elites: President, Parties, etc. Bureaucracies The Media

4. How to Implement a Policy Top down v. Bottom up Which agency? New agency? How much money to allocate Who is the targeted group? Which felonies count as a strike? Which welfare recipients must look for a job? How is enforcement/regulation done? Smoking initiative?

5. Implementation Environment 1.Executives 2.Legislators 3.Courts 4.Bureaucrats 5.Interest Groups 6.Other Governments 7.Political parties 8.The Media 9.Public?

6. The Devil is in the details. Bureaucracies announce an estimated 20 rules for every congressional law

7. Ingredients of Successful Implementation 1.Clear and consistent objectives 2.A sound theory of causal linkages 3.Assignment of tasks to agencies sympathetic with the underlying policy 4.Support given by interest groups to the implementation process 5.Public support that continues throughout the process of implementation.