1. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Overview Hand out graded Labs Worldwide standards organizations. Cabling standards in the United States and around the world. Evolution of cabling standards.

2. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Introduction to Cabling Standards and Codes Codes promote electrical safety. Electrical codes protect people from hidden hazards that may come to them from wiring that was done improperly. A code provides a list of do’s and don’ts, which if followed, will ensure that serious problems are less likely to occur. Codes also protect workers.

3. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 What are Codes? Electrical codes are an attempt to provide the following: Protection against electric shock. Protection against fault currents, where misplaced voltages find paths to ground in unpredictable ways. Protection against thermal effects of electric current. Protection against overcurrent. Protection against overvoltage.

4. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 What are Standards? Standards are sets of rules or procedures that are either widely used, or officially specified, and that serve as the gauge or model of excellence. Standards can be specified by a single vendor or be industry standards that support multi-vendor interoperability. Integrated cable plans developed by specific companies are called Structured Cable Systems (SCS).

5. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 What are Best Practices? Best practices are research-based ways of performing job functions known to assist users while performing tasks. Installing a standards-based cabling solution causes the workers on the job to learn and use best practices. Many of the standards cannot be followed without using them. In fact, failure to follow with these best practices can severely limit the circuit's capability to deliver the specified performance.

6. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 The Evolution of Standards By the mid-1980s, there were many different network technologies. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model was designed to provide a set of standards that promoted compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that were produced by companies around the world. Cabling technologies are included in Layer 1 (physical layer) of the OSI model.

7. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Standards Development Groups The focus in this curriculum is on the standards for networking media that have been developed and issued by the following groups: IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. UL – Underwriters Laboratories. EIA – Electronic Industries Alliance. TIA – Telecommunications Industry Association.

8. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 What are International, National, and Local Standards? Organizations like IEEE, ISO, and IEC are all examples of international standards bodies. At the national level, theses standards might be incorporated into one or more "codes" such as an electrical code, building code, or fire code. In many countries, the national codes become the model for state/provincial agencies as well as municipalities and other governmental units to incorporate into their laws and ordinances.

9. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 IEEE’s Standards 802.3 -- Standards for carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method. This is basically the Ethernet standard. 802.5 -- Standards for Token Ring access method LAN/MAN. 802.8 -- Standards for fiber-optics technologies. 802.11 -- Standards for wireless LAN connectivity. This is the technology behind Cisco and many other vendors’ wireless network initiatives.

10. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 IEEE 802.3 Standards

11. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 IEEE 802.5 Standards

12. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 802.11 Standards The IEEE 802.11 standard allows for wireless transmission of data.

13. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 ANSI/EIA/TIA Organization

14. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 TIA/EIA Standards TIA/EIA-568-B.1 – Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling TIA/EIA-568-B.2 – Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling TIA/EIA-568-B.3 – Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard TIA/EIA-569 – Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces TIA/EIA-606 – The Administration Standard for the Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings – Specifically Labeling at BICSI Level 1 Installer TIA/EIA-607 – Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications

15. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI identifies industrial and public requirements for national consensus standards and coordinates and manages their development. ANSI does not develop standards itself. Rather it facilitates development by establishing consensus processes among qualified groups.

16. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO is an international organization composed of national standards bodies from over 140 countries. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), for example, is a member of ISO. ISO is a non-governmental organization established to promote the development of standardization and related activities. ISO's work results in international agreements, which are published as International Standards.

17. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Other International Standards Development Organizations ECA – Electronic Components, Assemblies, & Materials Association CEA – Consumer Electronics Association GEIA – Governmental Electronics and Information Technology Association JEDEC – Joint Electron Device Engineering Council NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers Association IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission

18. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) UL evaluates wire and cable products under more than 70 different product categories, utilizing more than 30 standards for safety. UL has safety standards for cables similar to those of the NEC. UL 444 – The standard for safety for communications cable. UL 13 – The standard for safety for power- limited circuit cable.

19. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) OSHA is a federal program developed because of the wide disparity in work place safety standards and enforcement from state to state. Its mission is to ensure safe and healthful workplaces in America. OSHA is not a building code or building permit related agency. OSHA inspectors have the power to impose heavy fines and/or shut down a jobsite for serious safety violations.

20. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 NFPA and NEC The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) establishes the National Electrical Code (NEC). The NEC specifies where various types of cables can be used within a building and the materials used in the cables. The Canadian equivalent is the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC).

21. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 NEC Article 800: Communications Circuits This code must be followed when installing communications circuits and components. This code details the installation requirements of copper cabling and copper cable components. Article 800 also defines an array of requirements such as hanging communications wires on utility poles, for using primary and secondary lightning protection methods and systems, and what kinds of wiring can share raceways.

22. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks. Virtually every building, process, service, design, and installation is affected by NFPA documents. More than 300 NFPA codes and standards are used around the world. The NEC is part of the NFPA’s publication number 70 (NFPA-70).

23. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Building Codes Contact local zoning departments for information on permit requirements. To obtain copies of local or state building codes, contact the building official for the local jurisdiction. All of the basic building codes that are adopted throughout the United States can be purchased from the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). Local codes always take precedence over state codes which take precedence over national codes.

24. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 International Codes Covered Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Australian/New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS) European Union Directives

25. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Standards grow and change Telecommunications communications cabling standards evolve from lessons learned and best practices. These standards are also driven by trends of the industry such as the following current trends: Convergence of voice, video, and data applications Increasing bandwidth Storage area networks Broadband communications

26. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Cable changes As network bandwidth has increased from 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps and beyond, it has created new demands on cabling. Older types of cable are often inadequate for use in the faster modern networks. For this reason, the types of cabling used changes over time, and the standards reflect this.

27. Cisco Networking Academy ProgramCopyright 2003Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling 1.2 Category 6 and 7 Category 6 and 7 are the newest copper cables available. Category 7 technology is not yet ratified. Category 6 CableCategory 7 Cable