1. 15-744: Computer Networking L-3 The network simulator ns-2 Slides loosely based on a tutorial by Polly Huang, ETH Zurich.

2. What is ns? Network simulator VINT Project -- Virtual Internet Testbed Collaboration of many institutes AT&T UC Berkeley XEROX PARC ETH Goals

3. ns --- what is it good for? Evaluate performance of existing network protocols. Prototyping and evaluation of new protocols. Large-scale simulations not possible in real experiments. Used to:

4. ns Event-driven simulator Packet level Link layer and up How does it work:

5. Development Status 100K lines of C++ code 70K lines of otcl code 20K lines of documentation Otcl / Tcl tclcl C++ Current status:

6. otcl and C++: The Duality OTcl C++ Pure OTcl objects Pure C++ objects C++/OTcl split objects ns Your ns-script

7. Basic otcl Class mom mom instproc init {age} { $self instvar age_ set age_ $age } mom instproc greet {} { $self instvar age_ puts “$age_ years old mom: How are you doing?” } set a [ new mom 45] $a greet instead of single class declaration multiple definitions instproc adds method instvar adds instance variable methods are always called through object ( $self) init instproc instead of constructor

8. Basic otcl - inheritance Class kid - superclass mom kid instproc greet {} { $ self instvar age_ puts “$age_ years old kid: What’s up, dude?” } set b [ new kid 15] $b greet

9. Basic structure of ns-scripts Creating the event scheduler [Tracing] Creating network topology Creating Transport Layer - Agents Creating Applications - Applications Events!

10. Creating Event Scheduler Create scheduler set ns [new Simulator] Schedule event $ns at : any legitimate ns/tcl commands Start scheduler $ns run

11. “Hello World” in ns simple.tcl set ns [new Simulator] $ns at 1 “puts \“Hello World!\”” $ns at 1.5 “exit” $ns run gs116% ns simple.tcl Hello World! gs116%

12. Creating Network Nodes set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] Links & Queuing $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1

13. Transport Layer Class Agent Agent/UDPAgent/TCP (=Tahoe) … Other TCP flavors

14. The transport layer: UDP UDP set udp [new Agent/UDP] set null [new Agent/NULL] $ns attach-agent $n0 $udp $ns attach-agent $n1 $null $ns connect $udp $null

15. The transport layer: TCP TCP set tcp [new Agent/TCP] set tcpsink [new Agent/TCPSink] $ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp $ns attach-agent $n1 $tcpsink $ns connect $tcp $tcpsink

16. Transport Layer Class Agent Agent/UDPAgent/TCP (=Tahoe) … Other TCP flavors Agent/TCP/FullTCP

17. Two-way TCP FullTcp connection set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP/FullTcp] set tcp2 [new Agent/TCP/FullTcp] $ns attach-agent $n1 $tcp1 $ns attach-agent $n2 $tcp2 $ns connect $tcp1 $tcp2 $tcp2 listen

18. Application Layer Class A pplication {Simulated Applications} (on top of TCP) {Traffic generators} (on top of UDP)

19. Creating Traffic: On Top of TCP FTP set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp $ns at “$ftp start” Telnet set telnet [new Application/Telnet] $telnet attach-agent $tcp

20. Creating Traffic: On Top of UDP CBR set src [new Application/Traffic/CBR] Exponential or Pareto on-off set src [new Application/Traffic/Exponential] set src [new Application/Traffic/Pareto]

21. Attaching a traffic source set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr attach-agent $udp $ns at “$cbr start”

22. Tracing Trace packets on all links: set f[open out.tr w] $ns trace-all $f $ns flush-trace close $f -- + 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0 - 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0 r 1.00234 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0 Is tracing all links allways the best thing to do?

23. More Tracing Tracing specific links $ns trace-queue $n0 $n1 $f Tracing variables set cwnd_chan_ [open all.cwnd w] $tcp trace cwnd_ $tcp attach $cwnd_chan

24. Putting it all together set ns [new Simulator] set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail Creating Topology set tcp [$ns create-connection TCP $n0 TCPSink $n1 0] Creating Transport layer set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp Creating Applications $ns trace-queue $n0 $n1 $f Schedule Events $ns at 0.2 "$ftp start“ $ns at 1.2 ”exit“ $ns run

25. nam – the network animator n0n1 set nf [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $nf exec nam out.nam & …

26. Computing routes Unicast $ns rtproto : Static, Session, DV.

27. Network Dynamics: Link failures $ns rtmodel-at $n0 $n1 $ns rtmodel Trace $n0 $n1 $ns rtmodel $n0 $n1 : Deterministic, Exponential

28. Issues in Simulations Suppose you want to study the way TCP sources share a bottleneck link… Agent/FTP Which topology? When to start sources? What else affects results? Which traffic sources? Background Traffic ?

29. Another practical issue: Memory trace-allAvoid trace-all Use arrays for a sequence of variables n$in($i)Instead of n$i, say n($i) ~ns/tcl/ex/cmcast-150.tcl: 150 nodes, 2200 links => 53MB 2420 nodes, 2465 linkd => 800MB

30. Basic ns-2: Not Covered mobile IP multicasting satellite emulation

31. Making changes to ns – where??? OTcl C++ Pure OTcl objects Pure C++ objects C++/OTcl split objects ns Where would you implement one-time configuration variables complex procedures per packet action

32. ns directory structure TK8.0OTcltclclTcl8.0ns-2nam-1 ns-allinone tcl ex testlib... examples validation tests C++ code OTcl code mcast Makefile.in

33. New component purely in Otcl examples TK8.0OTcltclclTcl8.0ns-2nam-1 ns-allinone tcl extest lib... validation tests C++ code OTcl code mcast mysrc msg.tcl Makefile.in source msg.tcl

34. New component in C++ Create C++ class, fill in methods Define otcl linkage Write otcl code (if any) Build (and debug)

35. How does linkage work? C++ OTcl Pure C++ objects Pure OTcl objects C++/OTcl split objects ns how to access Tcl variables from C++ how is C++ object created from interpreter ……

36. TclObject: Hierarchy and Shadowing TclObject Agent Agent/TCP Agent/TCP otcl shadow object _o123 Agent/TCP C++ object *tcp TclObject Agent TcpAgent otcl class hierarchy C++ class hierarchy

37. TclObject Example set tcp [new Agent/TCP] => how is corresponding C++ object created? => how is corresponding C++ object created? $tcp set window_ 500 => how is corresponding C++ variable set? => how is corresponding C++ variable set? $tcp advance 5000 => how is C++ procedure called? => how is C++ procedure called?

38. TclObject: Hierarchy and Shadowing TclObject Agent Agent/TCP Agent/TCP otcl shadow object _o123 Agent/TCP C++ object *tcp TclObject Agent TcpAgent otcl class hierarchy C++ class hierarchy

39. TclObject::bind() Link C++ member variables to otcl object variables C++ TcpAgent::TcpAgent() { bind(“window_”, &wnd_); … } bind_time(), bind_bool(), bind_bw() otcl $tcp set window_ 200

40. TclObject::command() Implement otcl methods in C++ Trap point: otcl method cmd{} Send all arguments after cmd{} call to TclObject::command()

41. TclObject::command() $tcp advance TclObject::unknown{}$tcp cmd advance no such procedure TcpAgent::command() match “advance”? Invoke parent: return Agent::command() process and return Yes No OTcl space C++ space

42. TclObject::command() otcl set tcp [new Agent/TCP] $tcp advance 10 C++ int TcpAgent::command(int argc, const char*const* argv) { if (argc == 3) { if (strcmp(argv[1], “advance”) == 0) { int newseq = atoi(argv[2]); …… return(TCL_OK); } return (Agent::command(argc, argv); }

43. TclObject Example set tcp [new Agent/TCP] => how is corresponding C++ object created? => how is corresponding C++ object created? $tcp set window_ 500 => how is corresponding C++ variable set? => how is corresponding C++ variable set? $tcp advance 5000 => how is C++ procedure called? => how is C++ procedure called? ?

44. C++ OTcl TclObject: Creation and Deletion invoke parent constructor Agent/TCP constructor parent constructor invoke parent constructor TclObject constructor create C++ object AgentTCP constructor invoke parent constructor invoke parent constructor parent (Agent) constructor do nothing, return TclObject (C++) constructor bind variables and return bind variables and return create OTcl shadow object complete initialization complete initialization which C++ object to create? – TclClass

45. TclClass Static class TcpClass : public TclClass { public: TcpClass() : TclClass(“Agent/TCP”) {} TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) { return (new TcpAgent()); } } class_tcp; Static class TcpClass : public TclClass { public: TcpClass() : TclClass(“Agent/TCP”) {} TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) { return (new TcpAgent()); } } class_tcp;

46. Class Tcl Singleton class with a handle to Tcl interpreter Usage Invoke otcl procedure Obtain otcl evaluation results Pass a result string to otcl Return success/failure code to otcl

47. Class Tcl Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance(); if (strcmp(argv[1], “now”) == 0) { tcl.resultf(“%g”, clock()); return TCL_OK; } if (strcmp(argv[1], “helloworld”) { tcl.evalc(“puts stdout Hello World”); return TCL_OK; } Passing results to the interpreter: Executing Otcl commands from C++

48. Class TclCommand C++ implementation of global otcl commands class RandomCommand : public TclCommand { public: RandomCommand() : TclCommand("ns-random") {} virtual int command(int argc, const char*const* argv); }; int RandomCommand::command(int argc, const char*const* argv) { Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance(); if (argc == 1) { sprintf(tcl.buffer(), "%u", Random::random()); tcl.result(tcl.buffer()); }

49. Summary