1. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 The ILC - Back to the Energy Frontier W. Kozanecki (CEA-Saclay)

2. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Introduction  World-wide consensus: ICFA, ECFA, ACFA, HEPAP, OECD,…  “…noted the worldwide consensus of the scientific community, which has chosen an e + - e - linear collider as the next accelerator-based facility to complement and expand on the discoveries that are likely to emerge from the Large Hadron Collider currently being built at CERN.  […It was] agreed that the planning and implementation of such a large, multi- year project should be carried out on a global basis, and should involve consultations among not just scientists, but also representatives of science funding agencies from interested countries....” [ICFA statement, 13 Feb 04]  Remarkable progress toward the realization of an ILC  choice of the technology by the ITRP (Summer 2004)  start of the Global Design Effort  clearer understanding of the essential, mutually supportive relationship of LHC and ILC physics (HEPAP report)  Understatement: Many challenges !  detailed accelerator design, full detector concepts, ever sharper physics arguments  approval & funding strategy - on a worldwide stage

3. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Why a TeV Scale e + e - Accelerator?  Two parallel developments over the past few years ( the science )  The precision information from e + e - and data at present energies have pointed to a low mass Higgs. Understanding electroweak symmetry breaking, whether supersymmetry or an alternative, will require precision measurements.  There are strong arguments for needing both pp and e + e - collisions to fully exploit the exciting science expected at the 1 TeV energy scale.  Two parallel developments over the past few years ( the technology )  Designs and technology demonstrations have matured on two technical approaches for a ~ 500 GeV e + e - collider that are well matched to our present understanding of the physics  Designs and technology demonstrations have matured on two technical approaches for a ~ 500 GeV e + e - collider that are well matched to our present understanding of the physics:  the TESLA design, based on a superconducting RF linac at 1.3 GHz  the NLC/GLC approach, based on warm RF technology at X-band (11.4 GHz).  By 2002, both designs had come to the stage where the show-stoppers had been eliminated and the feasibility was well-established  By 2002, both designs had come to the stage where the show-stoppers had been eliminated and the feasibility was well-established.

4. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Why LHC and ILC ? p p e+e+ e-e- p = composite particle: unknown  s ofi initial-state partons, no polarization of IS partons, parasitic collisions p = strongly interacting: large SM backgrounds, highly selective trigger needed, radiation hard detectors needed e = pointlike particle: known and tunable  s of IS particles, polarization of IS particles possible, kinematic contraints can be used e = electroweakly interacting low SM backgrounds, no trigger needed, detector design driven by precision

5. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 ILC can observe Higgs no matter how it decays! 100 120 140 160 Recoil Mass (GeV) M Higgs = 120 GeV Number of Events / 1.5 GeV ILC simulation for e + e -  Z + Higgs with Z  2 b’s, and Higgs  invisible Only possible at the ILC

6. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Hadron colliders… K. Jakobs (ATLAS), 2005 CERN Summer student lectures pp  HX with H  4  Simulated Higgs production & decay in the CMS detector @ LHC are more demanding on the detectors

7. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Coupling Strength to Higgs Particle Mass (GeV) LEP e + e - collider Coupling Strength to Z boson e : 0.1%  : 0.1%  : 0.1% : 0.2% q : 0.1% (PDG values) ILC experiments will have the unique ability to make model-independent tests of Higgs couplings to other particles, at the % level of accuracy odel Coupling ∞ particle mass This sensitivity is sufficient to discover extra dimensions, SUSY, sources of CP violation, or other novel phenomena. Standard Model Coupling ∞ particle mass

8. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 LHC/ILC Physics: new particle  LHC experiments find a new heavy particle, Z’  Able to show that Z’ mediates a new force of nature  This is a great discovery Notice peak is ½ event per bin per fb -1

9. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 LHC/ILC Physics: new particle  ILC measures couplings of Z’ to find out what it means  If here, related to origin of neutrino masses  If here, related to origin of Higgs  If here, Z’ comes from an extra dimension of space  These are great discoveries!

10. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Which Technology to Choose? A major step toward a new international machine required uniting behind one technology, and then working toward a unified global design based on the recommended technology.

11. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 From a Matrix of Criteria to the Recommendation  The ITRP analyzed the technology choice through studying a matrix having six general categories with specific items under each  the scope and parameters specified by the ILCSC  technical issues  cost issues  schedule issues  physics operation issues  and more general considerations that reflect the impact of the LC on science, technology and society   Recommendation (announced at ICHEP, Aug ‘04) “that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology”  “This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both” (from the Executive Summary)

12. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005  The Mission of the GDE  Produce a design for the ILC that includes a detailed design concept, performance assessments, reliable international costing, an industrialization plan, siting analysis, as well as detector concepts and scope.  Coordinate worldwide prioritized proposal driven R & D efforts (to demonstrate and improve the performance, reduce the costs, attain the required reliability, etc.)  GDE structure  GDE structure [America: 16, Europe: 21, Asia: 12]  3 regional directors  core accelerator physics experts  3 Conventional Facilities Siting (CFS) experts (1 per region)  3 costing engineers (1 per region)  3 communicators (1 per region)  representatives from [LC detector] World Wide Study group Global Design Effort B. Barrish, GDE Director F. Takasaki (Asia) G. Dugan, (the Americas) B. Foster (Europe)

13. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 GDE Strategy  Primary GDE Goal:  Reference Design Report including costs by the end of 2006  Intermediate goal (follows from primary)  Definition of a Baseline Configuration by the end of 2005; this  will be designed to during 2006  will be the basis used for the cost estimate  will evolve into the machine that one will build  Baseline & alternatives: some definitions  Baseline: a forward-looking configuration which one is reasonably confident can achieve the required performance and can be used to give a reasonably accurate cost estimate by mid-end 2006 (→ RDR)  Alternative: A technology or concept which may provide a significant cost reduction, increase in performance (or both), but which will not be mature enough to be considered baseline by mid-end 2006

14. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 ILC Basic Building Blocks & Main Parameters Superconducting RF Main Linac  E cm adjustable from 200 – 500 GeV  Luminosity  ∫ Ldt = 500 fb -1 in 4 years  Ability to scan E cm between 200 and 500 GeV  Energy stability and precision below 0.1%  e - polarization of at least 80% (e + polarization a serious option)  The machine must be upgradeable to E cm = 1 TeV

15. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 LHC Design issues Layout from US LC Technology Options Study (March 2004) The total cost will be a key determining factor in our ability to get the ILC built. Therefore cost optimization of all systems is of primary importance

16. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 The Key Decisions Critical choices: luminosity parameters & gradient

17. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Making Choices – The Tradeoffs Many decisions are interrelated and require input from several WG/GG groups

18. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Accelerating gradient: experimental status (single cell) Snowmass 9-cell spec

19. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005  Cavity shape  baseline: standard TESLA 9-cell  alternatives: low-loss, re-entrant, or superstructure  Gradient specifications Accelerating gradient: tentative baseline (Snowmass’05) Cavity type Qualified gradient [MV/m] Operational gradient [MV/m] 1-Linac length (75% fill factor) [km] Beam energy [GeV] InitialTESLA3531.510.6250 UpgradeLL4036.0+9.3500

20. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Conventional Facilities & Siting  The GDE ILC Design will be done to samples sites in the 3 regions  Milestones  Snowmass 2005  Complete the Comparative Site-Assessment Matrix Format  (Dec ‘05)  Identify Regional Sample Sites for Inclusion into the BCD (Dec ‘05)  North American sample site will be near Fermilab  Japan and Europe are to determine sample sites by the end of 2005  Complete CFS Portion of the RDR (Dec ‘06)  Outstanding Issues with Direct Impact on CFS Progress that will Require Further Discussion and Resolution  1 Tunnel vs. 2 Tunnels  Laser Straight vs. Curved or Segmented  Shape and Length of Damping Rings  Shape and Configuration of Sources  1 vs. 2 Interaction Regions 5 of the 10 most critical design questions may well be influenced by site constraints

21. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 The GDE Plan and Schedule 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Global Design EffortProject Baseline configuration Reference Design ILC R&D Program Technical Design Expression of Interest to Host International Mgmt LHC Physics CLIC

22. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Some of the key topics I had no time to really discuss today...  Several key acc. issues - Damping Rings, e + source, Beam Delivery...  The 3 detector concepts (GLD, LCD, SiD )  The growing accelerator R&D effort  in the US  national labs: SLAC, Fermilab, Jefferson Lab...  universities becoming active in specialized, well-chosen areas  in Europe (national F.A.’s + growing EU component)  DESY, CERN, INFN,….  UK, France, …  in Japan  The rapidly increasing involvement of the experimental community  impressive participation at Snowmass’05 - many new faces !  Europe has been quite active for more than a decade (TESLA @ DESY)  pushing for detector R&D funding to ramp up - especially in the US  The growing & supportive involvement of gov’t agencies (FALC,...)  The approval & funding strategy in the US

23. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005  Remarkable progress in the past two years toward realizing an international linear collider  important R&D on accelerator systems  definition of parameters for physics  choice of technology  start the global design effort  funding agencies are engaged  Many major hurdles remain before the ILC becomes a reality (funding, site, international organization, and most importantly, a technical design and construction plan)  The time scale for ILC technical project readiness is consistent with proposing a construction project before the end of this decade. Conclusions

24. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 The material from this talk came from…  Presentations at the Snowmass’05 Workshop http://alcpg2005.colorado.edu:8080/alcpg2005/program/  Presentations at the 8th ICFA Seminar (Daegu, Korea, 27 Sep -1 Oct ‘05) by  B. Barrish, GDE Director  R. Heuer, Research Director, DESY  Y. K. Kim, U. of Chicago  P. Oddone, Director, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory http://chep.knu.ac.kr/ICFA-Seminar/  “Discovering the Quantum Universe - the Role of Particle Colliders” (  “Discovering the Quantum Universe - the Role of Particle Colliders” (DOE / NSF HEPAP Report, 2005)  What I learnt from many of my accelerator friends & colleagues while wandering, over the last 20 years, in, out & back into this exciting field!

25. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Backup slides

26. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 1. Are there undiscovered principles of nature: New symmetries, new physical laws? 2. How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? 3. Are there extra dimensions of space? 4. Do all the forces become one? 5. Why are there so many kinds of particles? 6. What is dark matter? How can we make it in the laboratory? 7. What are neutrinos telling us? 8. How did the universe come to be? 9. What happened to the antimatter? From “Quantum Universe”

27. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Three physics themes  SOLVING THE MYSTERIES OF MATTER AT THE TeV SCALE  The LHC should discover the Higgs and other new particles. Experiments at the linear collider would then zoom in on these phenomena to discover their secrets. Properties of the Higgs may signal extra dimensions of space or explain the dominance of matter over antimatter. Particle interactions could unveil a universe shaped by supersymmetry.  DETERMINING WHAT DARK MATTER PARTICLES CAN BE PRODUCED IN THE LAB& DISCOVERING THEIR IDENTITY  Most theories contain, at the TeV scale, new massive particles with the right properties to contribute to dark matter. Such particles would first be produced at the LHC. Experiments at the linear collider, in conjunction with dedicated dark matter searches, would then discover whether they actually are dark matter.  CONNECTING THE LAWS OF THE LARGE TO THE LAWS OF THE SMALL  From a vantage point at the TeV scale, the linear collider could function as a telescope to probe far higher energies. This capability offers the potential for discoveries beyond the direct reach of any accelerator that could ever be built. HEPAP report to the EPP 2010 Panel

28. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 e + e -  Z  qq  jet + jet Event recorded in the ALEPH detector at LEP

29. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 New forces of nature  new gauge boson LHC has great discovery potential for multi TeV Z’. Using polarized e +, e - beams, and measuring angular distribution of leptons, ILC can measure Z’ couplings to leptons and discriminate the origins of the new force. M ee [GeV] M  [GeV] Vector Coupling Axial Coupling Related to origin of  masses Related to origin of Higgs Related to Extra dimensions Tevatron LHC ILC 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 -1 Events/2GeV qq  Z’  e + e - Tevatron sensitivity ~1 TeV CDF Preliminary

30. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Large Extra Dimensions of Space LHC can discover partner towers up to a given energy scale. ILC can identify the size, shape and # of extra dimensions. Collision Energy [GeV] Graviton disappears into the ED Production Rate ILC GNGN e+e-e+e-   M ee [GeV] Events / 50 GeV / 100 fb -1 10 2 10 1 10 -1 10 -2 LHC

31. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Dark Matter in the Lab Underground experiments (CDMS) may detect Dark Matter candidates (WIMPS) from the galactic halo via impact of colliding DM particle on nuclei. Dark Matter Mass [GeV] 10 -44 10 43 10 -24 10 100 1000 Interaction Strengh [cm 2 ] LHC may find DM particles (a SUSY particle) through missing energy analyses. (LHC is the best place to discover many of SUSY particles)

32. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 The ILC can determine its properties with extreme detail, allowing to compute which fraction of the total DM density of the universe it makes. Dark Matter Mass from Supersymmetry (GeV) Fraction of Dark Matter Density

33. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 LHC-ILC synergy (I) HEPAP LHC / ILC report

34. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 LHC-ILC synergy (II)

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39. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 ILC Organization Chart ICFA ILCSC GDE Asia Regional Team European Regional Team American Regional Team ACFA ALCSCFALC

40. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Organization following Technology Decision  WG1 Parms & layout  WG2 Linac  WG3 Injectors  WG4 Beam Delivery  WG5 High Grad. SCRF  WG6 Communications  WG1 LET beam dynamics  WG2 Main Linac  WG3a Sources  WG3b Damping Rings  WG4 Beam Delivery  WG5 SCRF Cavity Package  WG6 Communications  GG1 Parameters & Layout  GG2 Instrumentation  GG3 Operations & Reliability  GG4 Cost Engineering  GG5 Conventional Facilities  GG6 Physics Options Birth of the GDE & Preparation for Snowmass ’05 Introduction of Global Groups transition workshop → project

41. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 LHC Design issues Layout from US LC Technology Options Study (March 2004)

42. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 How Do Costs Scale with Gradient? Relative Cost Gradient MV/m 35MV/m is close to optimum Japanese are still pushing for 40- 45MV/m 30 MV/m would give safety margin C. Adolphsen (SLAC)

43. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Gradient

44. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Configuration Parameter Space

45. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 ILC beam parameter optimization(s)   2   n  nominally

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52. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005  Three concepts under study: GLD, LCD, SiD  Typically requires factors of two or so improvements in granularity, resolution, etc. from present generation detectors  Focused R&D program required to develop the detectors -- end of 2005  Detector Concepts will be used to determine machine detector interface, simulate performance of reference design vs. physics goals next year. Detector Concepts and Challenges

53. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 Detector concepts: 3 layouts

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56. W. KozaneckiThe Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005 “Transition Pathways for the ILC: Tunneling through the DC Barrier” Remarks @ Snowmass’05 by John P. (Pat) Looney, former Assistant Director, Physical Sciences and Engineering, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President  Not an easy path forward. Not impossible, either.  Always ask questions in a manner that does not force a ‘no.’  The path will have to be segmented.  R&D, EDA, Construction decisions will need to be considered individually.  No single report will sell the ILC.  The case will need to be built up over several years.  Great progress on communications over past 3 years.  Be realistic about timescale.  A construction decision will be strongly influenced by election cycles.  Results from LHC are needed for a construction decision.  There will have to be sacrifice from the HEP program.  Not all activities can continue.  For the US to host, there would need to be an international consensus.  The ILC will have to be a Presidential Initiative.