1. Language Contact Contact Situations I. High-level intensity > Bilingualism II. Low-level intensity > Sufficient for lexical borrowing III. Prestige IV. Need (Borrowing accompanies introduction of new thing or concept)

2. Borrowing 1. Lexical, including calques 2. Phonological 3. Morphological

3. 1. Lexical Borrowing 11 th century Norman invasion => Borrowing due to intense contact Nearly 1/3 of frequently used English vocabulary borrowed from French

4. Prestige NativeFrench Borrowing cowbeef calfveal pigpork

5. Prestige => Formality Native JapaneseSino-Japanese kimi-tachi 諸君 sho-kun ‘you-all’‘each-gentleman’ suwaru 着席 chaku-seki ‘sit’‘take-seat’

6. Need-based Borrowing potato(Spanish > English) coffee(Turkish > European languages) 谷歌 (English > Mandarin) guge ‘Google’

7. Immediate/Ultimate Source UltimateImmediate potatoTaino (Haiti) >Spanish patatapatata/batata UltimateImmediate coffeeArabic > Turkish qahwakahveh

8. Calques: Loan Translations railroad/railway‘iron road/way’ Finnish:rauta-tie ‘iron-road’ French:chemin de fer ‘road of iron’ German: Eisen-bahn ‘iron-path/road’ Spanish: ferro-carril ‘iron-lane/way’ Japanese: 鉄道 tetsudoo ‘iron way’ Mandarin: 鉄路 tielu ‘iron road’

9. 2. Phonological Borrowing English [ ʒ ] from French rouge, prestige => New sound introduced

10. New Phonemic Distinction Japanese allophones of /t/ /t/ > [ts] / [ ɯ ] ([ts ɯ ka ɯ ] ‘use’) /t/ > [ ʧ ] / [i] ([ ʧ i ː sai] ‘small’) But /t/ > [t] / [i] possible in loans. [ti ː ] ‘tea’ [pa ː ti ː ] ‘party’

11. 3. Morphological Borrowing Latin > French > English –able/-ible equitable, potable, legible Attach to native stems => doable, singable, laughable, drinkable

12. Pidgins & Creoles Contact of mutually unintelligible languages Mixture of characteristics of both –Lexicon from socially dominant language (superstrate) –Phonology from nondominant language (substrate) Creole – Nativized pidgin

13. Tok Pisin Tok Pisin is a creole; an official language of Papua New Guinea. English lexicon, Melanesian phonology [dok] ‘dog’ [fis] ‘fish’ [pen] ‘paint’ [penim] ‘paint something’

14. Dispela marasin bilong klinim tis. ‘This medicine is for cleaning teeth.’ pela < ‘fellow’ => suffix to create determiner or noun modifier bilong < ‘belong’ => purpose, possession -im < ‘him’ => object marker

15. –Papa bilong mipela –Yu stap long heven. –Nem bilong yu i mas i stap holi. –Our father, –who art in heaven, –hallowed be thy name.

16. Language Endangerment Minority languages in multi-lingual societies lose speakers. Moribund – Children cease to acquire the language. Language death – Last native speakers die.

17. Factors 1. Discrimination (e.g. legal prohibition) 2. Limited domains of usage (e.g. home, immediate family) 3. Educational, economic pressure – People leave the community for opportunity.

18. Endangered Languages Many Native American languages Native Austronesian languages in Taiwan Native languages in North Africa Native languages in China Native languages in Russia

19. Colonial Languages in Taiwan 1662: Chinese colonization 1895: Japanese occupation  Japanese as the official language  Japanese as the language of public education 1945: Return of Chinese rule  Mandarin replaces Japanese.