1. ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Justin Ayvazian Eric Putney Ben Johnson Michael Ruth Advisor: Professor Sandip Kundu Friend-Foe Identification System

2. 2 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Outline  Project Overview Motivation Problem Statement System Design  System Diagrams and Operation User and Data Flow Diagrams Hardware Block Diagrams Communication Scheme  Message Security Password entry and transformation RC5  Project Progress Graphical Interface and Vehicle Tracking Prototype Implementation Future Consideration

3. 3 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Motivation Deaths per day due to Vehicle Bombings in Iraq 7,000 heavily armored Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles transported into Iraq from 07’ to 08’ Accounts for drop in deaths since 2007 Vehicle hijackings and digital attacks more frequent as a result Prominent in Afghanistan and Pakistan 18 attacks on Pakistani soil, up to 13 vehicles hijacked per attack (From August to November of 07’) Extrapolated, that’s over 2100 vehicles hijacked since August 07’

4. 4 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Problem Statement  Identify ground vehicles Hijackings and bombings  Transmissions Eavesdropping  Security Digital Terrorism Data Encryption and Decryption

5. 5 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 System Overview

6. 6 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Requirements Specification  Vehicle mounted system Power efficient, compact, and stand-alone  Identification and threat assessment of approaching vehicles 2 mile range on base for adequate reaction time  Security Secure transmissions Prevent digital terrorism and impersonation of friendly vehicles Password interface Prevent unknown hijackings of military vehicles

7. 7 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Final Design Concept  Prototype system with limited range Design hardware and communication modules, leave physical method of transmission up to end user  WiFi as wireless transmission method for prototype Well defined standards, inexpensive implementation  Nios II FPGA Core Run C control code on top of hardware modules Ex: RC5 and WiFi Transmission

8. 8 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010  Time to react: 110 seconds for 2 mile range at 105 km/h  Range: 2 miles -> 100 m  Speed: 105 km/h -> 6.56 km/h GUI Applet: Vehicle’s speed is 1.83 m/s Scaling for Prototype

9. 9 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Outline  Project Overview Motivation Problem Statement System Design  System Diagrams and Operation User and Data Flow Diagrams Hardware Block Diagrams Communication Scheme  Message Security Password entry and transformation RC5  Project Progress Graphical Interface and Vehicle Tracking Prototype Implementation Future Consideration

10. 10 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 User-Level Diagram

11. 11 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Data Flow Diagram

12. 12 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Interrogator Unit

13. 13 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Transponder Unit

14. 14 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Identification Process

15. 15 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Packet Structures  4 message types: Base Module: Request Identification Acknowledge ID/Update Randomization Value Vehicle Module: Transmit Identification Acknowledge Randomization Value Update

16. 16 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Outline  Project Overview Motivation Problem Statement System Design  System Diagrams and Operation User and Data Flow Diagrams Hardware Block Diagrams Communication Scheme  Message Security Password entry and transformation RC5  Project Progress Graphical Interface and Vehicle Tracking Prototype Implementation Future Consideration

17. 17 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Password Transformation  Why do passwords need to be transformed? Avoid physical keys, use shared password Future messages with same vehicle will be unique  Implementation Shared 16 bit password for all vehicles Multiply by randomly generated 16-bit number 2 32 possible values “Three strikes rule” - ~ 5x10 -3 % chance of correctly guessing password even if all other parts of the system have been compromised

18. 18 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Randomization Value Updating  Updated through rolling encryption scheme Similar to system used for remote entry devices for cars  Last message from base to vehicle sends new randomization value Generated by base, stored by both vehicle and base  Base stores current value and previous value of randomization values Final message is vehicle to base Base must store both in case final transmission not received by base but is sent by vehicle

19. 19 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Message Encryption  Encryption Requirements Real-time ciphering Robust algorithm to prevent cryptanalysis  RC5 Parameter-Based Symmetric Block Cipher Adaptable for speed and encryption strength Lightweight encryption algorithm  FAST Performs word-oriented operations  FAST

20. 20 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 RC5 Encryption Module  Initial C-based implementation—Completed Timing trials from 32-bit XP OS, running on a 1.83 GHz processor.  Future Verilog implementation Timing Expectations  Algorithm requirements: Strong Security Data Dependant rotations Fast Encryption, Decryption, and Key Expansion

21. 21 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 RC5—Security Strength  Several strategies for breaking block cipher: Exhaustive search Statistical tests Linear Cryptanalysis Differential Cryptanalysis  Best public attack a variant of differential cryptanalysis  Still requires unreasonable amounts of plaintext/ciphertext pairs

22. 22 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 RC5—Security Strength (cont.)  Data Dependent Rotations Helps protect against differential cryptanalysis Coupled with the use of the password transformation, identical messages will have different ciphertexts Prevents Timing analysis  Strength against other known cryptanalysis methods Linear Exhaustive 2 Bits_in_key attempts Statistical Data-dependent rotations/password randomization

23. 23 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 RC5—Operation Speed  Real-time requirement for transmissions  Speed Results for RC5 – 32/12/16  What if we increase the number of rounds? Achieves ≈220μs Key Expansion with 2000 rounds  Hypothesis: Verilog implementation will be more efficient than C Processor SpeedCompilerKey ExpansionEncryption/Decryptionbytes/second 90 MHz16-bit Borland220μs22μs36,000Bps 1.83GHz32-bit GCC>1μs >64MBps

24. 24 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Outline  Project Overview Motivation Problem Statement System Design  System Diagrams and Operation User and Data Flow Diagrams Hardware Block Diagrams Communication Scheme  Message Security Password entry and transformation RC5  Project Progress Graphical Interface and Vehicle Tracking Prototype Implementation Future Consideration

25. 25 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Interrogator User Interface  Output on the base module will be a GUI using a Google Maps overlay  Present Used the longitude and latitude for UMass in demo 100 meters at UMass longitude is.00127 0 100 meters at UMass latitude is.001 0 Range of base station is 100 meters  Future Will be putting the GUI in an applet – need to acquire license from Google Simulated path based on normal UMass walkways will be used for demos– need GPS module before data can be taken

26. 26 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Interrogator User Interface

27. 27 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Prototype Progress  Transponder Unit (Vehicle): RC5 Message encryption and decryption Key table generation Control Module Data parsing & concatenation  Interrogator Unit (Base Station): RC5 Message encryption and decryption Key table generation Control Module Data parsing & concatenation GUI implementation

28. 28 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Future Deliverables Working Model C and Verilog code GUI Implemented RC5 encryption scheme Full Communication Between: GPS and Vehicle via USB Vehicle and Base Station via 802.11 protocols Base Station and GUI via USB Equipment GPS via USB port WiFi Transceivers via USB ports Altera DE2 Boards

29. 29 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Future Considerations  Ad Hoc networking Allow vehicles to identify one another away from base  Enhanced driver identification system Increased protection against hijackings Example: fingerprint scan More specific to military personnel  Anti-jamming Switch between 802.11 b and 802.11 g to prevent narrow band jamming

30. 30 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Questions?

31. 31 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Sources  [1] B. Kaliski, Y. Yin. On the Security of the RC5 Encryption Algorithm. v1.0, September 1998. Available at ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/rsalabs/rc5/rc5-report.pdf.  [2] R. Rivest. The RC5 Encryption Algorithm. March 20, 1997. Available at http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rivest- TheRC5EncryptionAlgorithm.http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rivest-  [3]R. Rivest. The RC5 Algorithm. Dr. Dobbs Journal number 226, pages 146-148. January 1995. Available at http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rivest-rc5rev.pdf http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rivest-rc5rev.pdf