1. 1 VINI: Virtual Network Infrastructure Jennifer Rexford Princeton University http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~jrex Joint with Andy Bavier, Nick Feamster, Lixin Gao, Mark Huang, Larry Peterson

2. 2 The Internet: A Remarkable Story Tremendous success –From research experiment to global communications infrastructure The brilliance of under-specifying –Best-effort packet delivery service –Key functionality at programmable end hosts Enabled massive growth and innovation –Ease of adding hosts and link technologies –Ease of adding services (Web, P2P, VoIP, …) But, change is easy only at the edge… 

3. 3 Internet is Showing Signs of Age Security –Weak notions of identity that are easy to spoof –Protocols that rely on good behavior Mobility –Hierarchical addressing closely tied with routing –Presumption that communicating hosts are connected Availability –Poor visibility into underlying shared risks –Multiple interconnected protocols and systems Network management –Many coupled, decentralized control loops

4. 4 Variety of Architectural Solutions Revisiting definition & placement of function –Naming, addressing, and location –Routing, forwarding, and addressing –Management, control, and data planes –End hosts, routers, and operators Designing with new constraints in mind –Selfish and adversarial participants –Mobile hosts and disconnected operation –Large number of small, low-power devices –Ease of network management

5. 5 Hurdle #1: Deployment Dilemma An unfortunate catch-22 –Must deploy an idea to demonstrate feasibility –Can’t get an undemonstrated idea deployed A corollary: the testbed dilemma –Production network: real users, but can’t change –Research testbed: easy changes, but no users Bad for the research community –Good ideas sit on the shelf –Promising ideas do not grow up into good ones

6. 6 Hurdle #2: Coordination Constraint Difficult to deploy end-to-end services –Benefits only when most networks deploy –No single network wants to deploy first Many deployment failures –QoS, IP multicast, secure routing, IPv6,… –Despite solving real, pressing problems Increasing commoditization of ISPs senderreceiver 123

7. 7 Virtualization to the Rescue Multiple customized architectures in parallel –Multiple logical routers on a single platform –Isolation of resources, like CPU and bandwidth –Programmability for customizing each “slice”

8. 8 Three Projects: GENI, VINI, CABO Global Environment for Network Innovations –Large initiative for a shared experimental facility –Jointly between NSF CISE division & community –Distributed systems, wireless, optics, backbone VIrtual Network Infrastructure –Baby step toward the design of GENI backbone –Systems research on network virtualization Concurrent Architectures Better than One –Clean-slate architecture based on virtualization –Economic refactoring for end-to-end services See http://www.geni.net and http://www.vini-veritas.net

9. 9 Providing “Controlled Realism” Start with a controlled experiment Relax constraints, study effects Result: an operational virtual network that’s –Feasible –Valuable –Robust –Scalable, etc. Topology Actual network Arbitrary, emulated Traffic Real clients, servers Synthetic or traces Traffic Real clients, servers Synthetic or traces Network Events Observed in operational network Inject faults, anomalies

10. 10 Fixed Infrastructure Deployed VINI nodes in National Lambda Rail and Abilene, and PoPs in Seattle and Virginia

11. 11 Shared Infrastructure Experiments given illusion of dedicated hardware

12. 12 Flexible Topology VINI supports arbitrary virtual topologies

13. 13 Network Events VINI exposes, can inject network failures

14. 14 External Connectivity s c Experiments can carry traffic for real end-users

15. 15 External Routing Adjacencies s c BGP Experiments can participate in Internet routing

16. 16 Network Virtualization Software Initial prototype on PlanetLab software –Simultaneous experiments in separate VMs –Each has “root” in its own VM, can customize –Reserve CPU and bandwidth per experiment Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) (Linux++) Node Mgr Local Admin VM 1 VM 2 VM n … PlanetLab node

17. 17 Creating the Virtual Topology Goal: real routing protocols on virtual network topologies BGP, OSPF, RIP, IP multicast, … XORP can run in a PlanetLab VM Without modification! XORP (routing protocols) PlanetLab VM

18. 18 User-Mode Linux: Environment Interface ≈ network PlanetLab limitation: –Experiments cannot create new interfaces Run routing software in UML environment Create virtual network interfaces in UML XORP (routing protocols) UML eth1eth3eth2eth0 PlanetLab VM

19. 19 Click: Data Plane Interfaces  tunnels –Click UDP tunnels correspond to UML network interfaces Filters –“Fail a link” by blocking packets at tunnel Performance –Avoid UML overhead –Around 200 Mbps XORP (routing protocols) UML eth1eth3eth2eth0 Click Packet Forward Engine Control Data UmlSwitch element Tunnel table Filters PlanetLab VM

20. 20 Ongoing Work: Faster Forwarding Initial design entirely in user space –In order to avoid modifying the kernel –Clearly, this is a big performance limitation Virtualized network stack in Linux –Network views that are bound to processes –Separate kernel forwarding tables per view Hardware support through FPGAs and NPs –Nick McKeown’s NetFPGA project –Jon Turner’s MetaRouter project

21. 21 Intra-domain Route Changes s c 1176 587 846 260 700 639 1295 2095 902 548 233 1893 366 Watch OSPF route convergence on Abilene 856

22. 22 Ping During Link Failure Link downLink up Routes converging Abilene RTT: 73ms

23. 23 TCP Throughput Zoom in Link downLink up

24. 24 Arriving TCP Packets Slow start Retransmit lost packet VINI enables a user-space virtual network to behave like a real network

25. 25 Other Example VINI Experiments Scaling Ethernet to a large enterprise Routing-protocol support for mobile hosts Network-layer support for overlay services Piggybacking diagnostic data on packets Where should this experimentation lead us? –Will we ever find the one true answer???

26. 26 The Case for Pluralism Suppose we can break down the barriers… –Enable realistic evaluation of new ideas –Overcome the coordination constraint Maybe there isn’t just one right answer –Maybe the problem is over-constrained –Too many goals, some of them conflicting Maybe the goals change over time –And we’ll always be reinventing ourselves –The only constant is change So, perhaps we should design for change

27. 27 It’s Hard to be a Routing Protocol… Many, many design goals –Global reachability –Fast convergence –Efficient use of resources –Low protocol overhead –Secure control plane –Flexible routing policies – Perhaps we cannot satisfy all of these goals –No matter how hard we try…

28. 28 Example: Security vs. Reachability Online BankingWeb Surfing PropertiesSecurity, even at the expense of reachability Reachability more important than security RoutingSecure control plane for participating parties Insecure control plane for all parties AddressingSelf-certifying address associated with person Ephemeral address related to the topology

29. 29 Example: Convergence vs. Scalability Voice over IP Gateway Remaining Traffic PropertiesFast convergence for a few prefixes Scalability to 200K prefixes DisseminationFloodingHierarchical Routing Protocol Link state (OSPF or IS-IS) Path vector (iBGP with route reflectors)

30. 30 Applications Within an Single ISP Customized virtual networks –Security for online banking –Fast-convergence for VoIP and gaming –Specialized handling of suspicious traffic Testing and deploying new protocols –Evaluate on a separate virtual network –Rather than in a dedicated test lab –Large scale and early-adopter traffic Leasing virtual components to others –ISPs have unused node and link capacity –Can allow others to construct services on top

31. 31 Economic Refactoring in CABO Infrastructure providers: Maintain routers, links, data centers, and other physical infrastructure Service providers: Offer end-to-end services (e.g., layer 3 VPNs, SLAs, etc.) to users Infrastructure ProvidersService Providers Today: ISPs try to play both roles, and cannot offer end-to-end services

32. 32 Similar Trends in Other Industries Commercial aviation –Infrastructure providers: Airports –Infrastructure: Gates, “hands and eyes” support –Service providers: Airlines E.g.: airplanes, auto industry, and commercial real estate NRT ATL JFK SFO

33. 33 Communications Networks, Too! Two commercial examples in IP networks –Packet Fabric: share routers at exchange points –FON: resells users’ wireless Internet connectivity FON economic refactoring –Infrastructure providers: Buy upstream connectivity –Service provider: FON as the broker (www.fon.com) Broker

34. 34 Enabling End-to-End Services Secure routing protocols Multi-provider VPNs Paths with end-to-end performance guarantees Today Cabo Competing ISPs with different goals must coordinate Single service provider controls end-to-end path

35. 35 Conclusion The Internet needs to change –Security, mobility, availability, management, … We can overcome barriers to change –Enable realistic experimentation with new ideas –Enable end-to-end deployment of new services Network virtualization is the key –Run many research experiments in parallel –Offer customized end-to-end services in parallel VINI as an enabling experimental platform

36. 36 Backup Slides

37. 37 Ongoing Work: Experiment Framework Experiment specification and monitoring –Specifying topology and configuration E.g., Internet-in-A-Slice experiments –Collecting and visualizing packet traces Distributed tcpdump and network animator Instantiating virtual networks –Admission control Book-keeping of node and link resources –Topology embedding Finding available node and link resources

38. 38 Other Example VINI Experiments Scaling Ethernet to a large enterprise –Scalability of IP routing, self-config of Ethernet –Flat addressing & hash-based location resolution Routing-protocol support for mobile hosts –Injecting host address into the routing protocol –Withdrawing and readvertising as host moves Network-layer support for overlay services –Hosting overlay services directly on the routers –Notifying the overlay services of network events

39. 39 Success Scenarios for VINI & GENI Expand the research pipeline –Sound foundation for future network architectures –Experimental evaluation, rather than paper designs Create new services –Demonstrate new services at scale –Attract real users Aid the evolution of the Internet –Demonstrate ideas that ultimately see real deployment –Provide architectural clarity for evolutionary path Lead to a future global network –Purist: converge on a single new architecture –Pluralist: virtualization supporting many architectures