2. 課程大綱 1. An Overview of Labor Market 2. Labor Supply: Theory and Evidence 失業率 ─ 如何解讀你看到的統計數字 失業率 ─ 如何解讀你看到的統計數字 3. Labor Demand 全球化經濟時代之人力需求 4. Labor Market Equilibrium 勞基法與就業市場 5. Investment in Human Capital 高教膨脹下的升學與就業抉擇 6. Labor Market Contracts and Work Incentives 年薪五百萬不是夢 ─ 淺談 CEO 的報酬 年薪五百萬不是夢 ─ 淺談 CEO 的報酬 7. Compensating Wage Differentials 「要工作，也要健康」 ─ 魚與熊掌可以兼得嗎？ 「要工作，也要健康」 ─ 魚與熊掌可以兼得嗎？ 8. Labor Supply over Time 上班族或創業族 ─ 生涯規劃面面觀 9. Labor Market Discrimination 如何看待職場中的性別議題 10. Unemployment 畢業即失業 ─ 網路尋職更有效率嗎？

3. Highlights Labor economics studies how labor markets work. Labor economics studies how labor markets work. Models in labor economics typically contain three actors: workers, firms, and governments. Models in labor economics typically contain three actors: workers, firms, and governments. A good theory should have realistic assumptions and can be tested with real-world data. A good theory should have realistic assumptions and can be tested with real-world data. The tools of economics are helpful in answering positive questions. The tools of economics are helpful in answering positive questions.

4. An Overview of Labor Market Labor Force: All those over 15 years of age who are either employed, actively seeking work, or awaiting recall from a layoff. (The age may vary in different countries. For example, it is 16 years of age for the U.S.) Labor Force: All those over 15 years of age who are either employed, actively seeking work, or awaiting recall from a layoff. (The age may vary in different countries. For example, it is 16 years of age for the U.S.) Labor Force Participation Rate: The ratio of the labor force to those of age over 15. Labor Force Participation Rate: The ratio of the labor force to those of age over 15. Science is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house. -Jules Henri Poincar’e-

5. Unemployment: Those in the labor force who are not employed(for pay). Unemployment: Those in the labor force who are not employed(for pay). Unemployment Rate: The ratio of those unemployed to those in the labor force. This is the most widely cited measure of labor market condition. Unemployment Rate: The ratio of those unemployed to those in the labor force. This is the most widely cited measure of labor market condition.

6. Wage Rate: The price of labor per working hour. Wage Rate: The price of labor per working hour. Wage rate × Units of time worked = Earnings. Wage rate × Units of time worked = Earnings. Earnings + Fringe benefit = Compensation. Earnings + Fringe benefit = Compensation. Compensation + Unearned income (interest, dividends, transfer payments etc.) = Income Compensation + Unearned income (interest, dividends, transfer payments etc.) = Income

7. Population (Age 15 and over) Labor Force (Employed plus Unemployed) Not in Labor Force New Entrants Reentrants Dropouts Retirements Employed Unemployed (Not employed, but looking for work or awaiting recall) Layoffs Quits New Hire Recalls

8. 人力資源調查 目的：為瞭解民間人力供給情況，凡年滿 十五歲具有工作能力與意願之經濟活動人 口，定期予以調查與分析。 目的：為瞭解民間人力供給情況，凡年滿 十五歲具有工作能力與意願之經濟活動人 口，定期予以調查與分析。 創始於民國五十一年四月。 創始於民國五十一年四月。 本處查編臺灣地區人力資源統計，係以家 庭為對象，透過抽樣調查，蒐集民間十五 歲以上人口之品質、數量、勞動力結構、 就業、失業、失業原因、非勞動力構成等 有關基本資料。 本處查編臺灣地區人力資源統計，係以家 庭為對象，透過抽樣調查，蒐集民間十五 歲以上人口之品質、數量、勞動力結構、 就業、失業、失業原因、非勞動力構成等 有關基本資料。

9. 人力資源調查 為應各機關人力資源運用與經社決策施政 需要，獲取較為詳細資料，乃於六十七年 至八十年間利用同一樣本附帶舉辦下列十 四種專案調查，包括：人力運用、工作經 驗、住宅狀況、婦女婚育與就業、傷病醫 療與就業、國內遷徙、職業訓練、青少年 狀況、老人狀況、時間運用、國民休閒生 活、工作期望、國民文化活動需要、國民 生活型態與倫理等。 為應各機關人力資源運用與經社決策施政 需要，獲取較為詳細資料，乃於六十七年 至八十年間利用同一樣本附帶舉辦下列十 四種專案調查，包括：人力運用、工作經 驗、住宅狀況、婦女婚育與就業、傷病醫 療與就業、國內遷徙、職業訓練、青少年 狀況、老人狀況、時間運用、國民休閒生 活、工作期望、國民文化活動需要、國民 生活型態與倫理等。

10. § Demand for Labor Product demand Wages, amount of K Choice of technologies Determines number of workers employed Wage Changes: (1) Scale Effect (2) Substitution Effect A demand curve for labor tells us how the desired level of employment varies with changes in the price of labor when the other factors affecting demand are held constant. Wages # of workers D

11. § Supply of Labor Market Supply: The supply of labor to a particular market is positively related to the wage rate prevailing in that market holding other wages constant. Wages # of workers S S2S2 S1S1

12. Supply to Firms: The supply to a firm would be a horizontal line since each firm is a price taker in the competitive labor market. Wages # of workers W*

13. § Determination of the Wages Wages # of workers Demand Supply W2W2 W* W1W1 W 1 ： demand exceeds supply W 2 ： supply exceeds demand W* ： Market-Clearing Wage

14. Determination of the Wages Labor market equilibrium coordinates the desires of firms and workers, determining the wage and employment observed in the labor market. Labor market equilibrium coordinates the desires of firms and workers, determining the wage and employment observed in the labor market.

15. Wage rates are determined by the market and announced to individual firm. Wages # of workers Demand Supply W* Wages # of workers DADA W* SASA MarketA Typical Firm

16. 項目別總計男性女性 年度 ( 民 國 ) 經濟 成長 率 (%) 勞動 力 ( 千人 ) 就業 者 ( 千 人 ) 失業 者 ( 千 人 ) 勞動 力參 與率 (%) 勞動 力 ( 千 人 ) 就業 者 ( 千 人 ) 失業 者 ( 千 人 ) 勞動 力參 與率 (%) 勞動 力 ( 千 人 ) 就業 者 ( 千 人 ) 失業 者 ( 千 人 ) 勞動 力參 與率 (%) 6713.676337623110658.76425041836777.96208720483939.13 688.44651564328358.73435643065077.95215921263339.23 697.36662965478258.26440643574977.11222321913339.25 706.24676466729257.82450344485576.78226122243738.76 713.476959681114957.93460545099676.47235423015339.30 728.327266707019759.264687456112676.36258025097142.12 7310.717491730818359.724778466111676.11271326476743.30 745.027651742822259.494860471914175.47279027098143.46 7511.497945773321260.374957482113675.15298829127545.51 7612.668183802216160.935065496610075.24311830576146.54 778.048247810713960.21513050438774.83311630645245.56 788.458390825813260.12523151498274.84315931104945.35 795.708423828314052.94526351758873.96316031085244.50 807.588569843913059.11535552748073.80321431654944.39 重要人力指標

17. 項目別總計男性女性 年度 ( 民國 ) 經濟 成長 率 (%) 勞動 力 ( 千人 ) 就業 者 ( 千 人 ) 失業 者 ( 千 人 ) 勞動 力參 與率 (%) 勞動 力 ( 千 人 ) 就業 者 ( 千 人 ) 失業 者 ( 千 人 ) 勞動 力參 與率 (%) 勞動 力 ( 千 人 ) 就業 者 ( 千 人 ) 失業 者 ( 千 人 ) 勞動 力參 與率 (%) 837.399081893914258.96559555118472.44348534285845.40 846.499210904516558.715659555810172.03355134876445.34 856.309310906824258.445662550815471.13364835608845.76 866.599432917625658.335731556216971.09370136138845.64 874.559546928925758.045780561016970.58376736798845.60 885.759668938528357.935812562418869.93385637619546.03 895.779784949129357.685867567019769.42391738219546.02 90-2.179832938345057.235855555330268.473977383014846.10 914.649969945451557.345896554734868.224074390716746.59 923.50 1007 6 957350357.345904557932667.694172399417747.14 936.15 1024 0 978645457.665968568028867.784272410616647.71 944.16 1037 1 994242857.786012575325967.624359419016948.12 954.89 1052 2 1011 1 41157.926056581024567.354467430116648.68 965.72 1071 3 1029 4 41958.256116586824867.244597442617149.44 97( 半 年 ) 4.3 ( f ) 1081 8 1039 7 42158.246158590425467.104660449316849.59 重要人力指標 ( 續 )

20. 項目 項目 年 總平均女性平均有偶婦女平均 子女均在６歲 以上有偶婦女 有未滿 6 歲子 女有偶婦女 尚無子女 有偶婦女 6958.2639.2533.2335.6428.9039.10 7057.8238.7631.4232.7528.2639.30 7157.9339.3031.5132.2928.9941.12 7259.2642.1235.5335.7033.4048.89 7359.7243.3038.7438.5537.3450.88 7459.4943.4639.8439.6339.0748.95 7560.3745.5141.8241.8540.5550.62 7660.9346.5443.7443.1842.9556.75 7760.2145.5642.6641.8242.2956.55 7860.1245.3543.6542.3544.6454.79 7959.2444.5042.4941.0443.6955.21 8059.1144.3944.0042.6644.3660.50 歷年五月台灣地區有偶婦女勞動參與率

21. 項目 項目年 總平均女性平均有偶婦女平均 子女均在６歲 以上有偶婦女 有未滿 6 歲子 女有偶婦女 尚無子女 有偶婦女 8159.3444.8343.2342.4942.3058.24 8258.8244.8944.3943.7842.9959.71 8358.9645.4045.4144.0345.7364.16 8458.7145.3445.7544.4545.7565.01 8558.4445.7647.1145.7048.1562.66 8658.3345.6446.9845.4848.1662.42 8758.0445.6046.5044.2049.6065.58 8857.9346.0346.8244.8749.2464.99 8957.6846.0246.3443.5451.3965.97 9057.2346.1046.4843.2352.9966.76 9157.3446.5947.3044.3953.5763.94 9257.3447.1447.3444.6953.4664.30 9357.6647.7147.8444.9254.1569.37 9457.7848.1247.8844.5455.6471.21 9557.9248.6848.3844.6758.1471.31 9658.2549.4449.5745.9061.1870.09 歷年五月台灣地區有偶婦女勞動參與率 ( 續 )