1. Introduction  Working Terminologies  Violence: definition  exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse  intense, turbulent, or furious and often destructive action or force  Collective violence: definition  encyclopedia: domestic, sectarian, political, murder, war, verbal,  “ violence ” generally refers to collective violence in this class  One type of violence not covered: women ’ s

2. Culture and Violence  Violence is only one venue through which we seek an understanding of a culture  Important and often neglected  However, it is also  Biased  Compartmental  incomplete  Remedies:  See violence in perspectives  Develop comparative insights  Repeated modification of existing views, arguments, and theories

3. Types of violence  Vertical: definition  Horizontal: definition  Defensive  Offensive

4. Common Causes of Violence  Conflicts between:  Individuals  Common groups in a locale  Ethnic groups and the major population  Classes  Races  Nations

5. Deep Structure of Violence Religious Racial Historical Ideological Psychological Revolutionary Rebellious Nationalistic/anti-colonial/ anti-imperialistic