1. The Environmental Movement in the US A. A.John Muir (1838-1914) Called for preservation of natural wilderness Founder of Sierra Club (1892) B. B.Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) First head of US Forest Service (1905) under Theodore Roosevelt Staunch advocate of conservation Multiple use, sustainable yield “Greatest good of the greatest number in the long run” C. C.Aldo Leopold (1887-1948) “Land Ethic” People responsible for maintaining environment and repairing damage Restoration ecology

2. The Environmental Movement in the US D. D.Rachel Carson (1907-1964) “Silent Spring” (1962) Negative environmental impacts of pesticides Galvanized modern environmental movement E. E.Paul Ehrlich (1932-present) “The Population Bomb” (1968) Described potential environmental consequences of rapidly expanding human population F. F.Garrett Hardin (1915-2003) “Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) “Lifeboat Ethics” (1974) G. G.David Brower (1912-2000) Executive Director of Sierra Club (1952-1969) Advocate of radical environmentalism Founder of Friends of the Earth (FOE)

3. 1872 – Yellowstone designated as first national park 1963 – Clean Air Act (CAA) 1964 – Wilderness Act 1970 – National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), EPA & OSHA formed, revised CAA, First Earth Day 1972 – Clean Water Act (CWA), Ocean Dumping Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act; DDT banned in U.S. 1973 – Endangered Species Act (ESA) 1974 – Safe Drinking Water Act 1976 – Toxic Substances Control Act, Fishery Conservation and Management Act 1980 – Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act (CERCLA/Superfund) 1987 – Montreal Protocol 1988 – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1992 – UN Conference on Environment & Development (Earth Summit); Biodiversity Treaty 1997 – Kyoto Protocol 2005 – Kyoto Protocol in effect Important Environmental Legislation and Events

4. Purposes are “…to declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation” Requires federal agencies to Integrate environmental values into decision making processes Consider Environmental impacts of proposed actions Reasonable alternatives to those actions Evaluate Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or Environmental Assessment (EA) EPA reviews and comments on EIS’s Public comment period on EIS’s EPA assures compliance with NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

5. Consequences Not following NEPA procedures can lead to Denial of federal funding Project delay/additional expense Lawsuit(s) Led to similar legislation State Ex: California Environmental Quality Act Local Foreign National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

6. Organizations File lawsuits Natural Resources Defense Council Environmental Defense Fund Educate, lobby, demonstrate, purchase land National Wildlife Federation Friends of the Earth The Nature Conservancy World Wildlife Fund Sierra Club Perform research Wildlife Conservation Society Conservation International Modern Environmentalism

7. Espouses “direct action” to achieve goals Civil disobedience Ex: Sit-ins, chaining people to equipment/trees Greenpeace boats drove between whalers and whales Julia Butterfly Hill lived in Luna (redwood) for >2 years “Ecotage”/Eco-terrorism/Monkeywrenching Ex: Tree spiking, damaging equipment, arson 1998: Resort near Vail (CO) – ELF 1999: Boise Cascade corporate HQ (OR) 2003: Condo complex in San Diego (CA) 2003: SUV/Hummer dealerships in Los Angeles (CA) 2005: Townhouse development in Hagerstown (MD) Reaction to perceived passivity of mainstream environmentalism Backlash Radical Environmentalism