2. Support Protection Movement Mineral storage Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) Triglyceride storage

4. Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers

6. periosteum Haversian system spongy bone Lamellae osteocyte Lamellae

7. osteocytes in lacunae central canal

10. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

11. Fig. 06.13

12. cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months AdultChildhood Just before birth 1 o ossification center

13. Fig. 06.08

14. GH from anterior pituitary, which is regulated by T3 and T4 of the thyroid During puberty- sex hormones: estrogen and testosterone

15. Hyposecretion of GH- dwarfism Hypersecretion of GH- gigantism Sultan Kosen (R) 8 ft 1 in He Pingping 2 ft 5.37 in

16. Parathyroid hormone- stimulates osteoclasts Calcitonin- inhibits osteoclasts Parathyroid hormone- stimulates osteoclasts Calcitonin- inhibits osteoclasts Maintains homeostasis

18. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone Mature bone cell

19. hematoma callus bony callus bone remodeling

20. Usually treated by realignment Simple- closed fracture (8-12 wks to heal) bone breaks cleanly; no penetration Compound- bone penetrates through skin Comminuted- bone fragments into many pieces; aged or brittle bones Compression- bone is crushed Depressed- broken bone portion is depressed inward Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into each other Spiral- excessive twisting of bone Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely

21. ObliqueComminutedSpiralCompound

22. 1.Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: Increases speed and completeness of healing The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone 2. Ultrasound treatment: Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: Transplant fibula in arm Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments 4. Bone substitutes: Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis Sea bone- coral Artificial bone- ceramic

23. Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: age, gender (more in women) estrogen and testosterone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca ++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors smoking

24. 29 40 84 92

26. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D

27. Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction

28. 1.What does the secondary site of ossification produce? 2.What is an epiphyseal line? 3.Provide an example of a flat bone? 4.How does PTH effect bone development? 5.How many bones in the adult skeleton? 6.What does an osteoblast do and where are they primarily found? INQUIRY