1. Action potentials of the world Koch: Figure 6.1

2. Lipid bilayer and ion channel Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.1

3. Equilibrium due to Potassium ions Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel: Figure 7.2 Outward current = Inward current

4. Only K+ channels Adding a few Na+ channels Equilibrium I Na + I K = 0 Resting potential of the cell Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel: Fig. 7.4

5. Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.3 Electrical properties of the membrane

6. Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.4 Equivalent electric circuit Parallel RC circuit with voltage-dependent conductances and batteries in series

7. Persistent and transient conductances Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.8 Persistent conductance Voltage sensitive Transient conductance Activation gate closed Inactivation open Both gates open – Channel conducts Activation gate open Inactivation open Fast Slow

8. Transient conductance fast slow Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel: Figure 9.9 Initial Intermediate Final

9. HH kinetic variables – K + channel Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.9 Dashed – experimental, Solid – analytic fit Opposite trend

10. Voltage-Dependent functions of the HH model – K + and Na + channels Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.10 Open when depolarized Timescales!

11. HH dynamics Dayan and Abbott: Figure 5.11 Sodium activation gate opens rapidly – Sodium flows in (depolarization) Sodium inactivation gate closes slowly Potassium gate opens slowly – Potassium flows out (hyperpolarization) Rapid potential change Na + current K + current Sodium gate closed

12. Variables during action potential Koch: Figure 6.5 Threshold effect Input: Narrow pulse No response below threshold Hyperpolarization

13. Gain function Gerstner & Kistler: Figure 2.5 Periodic spiking resulting from constant input of amplitude I 0 Spiking frequency

14. Phase diagram of the HH neuron Gerstner & Kistler: Figure 2.6 Inhibitory rebound Threshold effect

15. Refractoriness Gerstner & Kistler: Figure 2.7 Further pulses do not elicit spike

16. Action potential propagation Potassium gates open in the wake of the AP High conductance leads to potassium efflux Leads to re-polarization A detailed model through solving a PDE Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell: Fig. 8.6 Why does the AP propagate in a single direction?