1. Qiang Zhao Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS and Theoretical Physics Center for Science Facilities (TPCSF), CAS Chiral quark model approach for the study of baryon resonances 十三届全国中高能核物理大会暨第七届全国中高能核物理专题研讨会， 中国科技大学，合肥， 2009-11 Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS

2. Outline  The “missing baryon resonances” problem  Effective chiral Lagrangian for quark- pseudoscalar-meson interaction  Pseudoscalar meson production in  +N and meson-nucleon scatterings  Prospects

3. The non-relativistic constituent quark model (NRCQM) makes great success in the description of hadron spectroscopy: meson (q  q), baryon (qqq). However, it also predicted a much richer baryon spectrum, where some of those have not been seen in  N scatterings. – “Missing Resonances”. , 0  N, ½ + N*, L 2I,2J P 33 (1232)  P 11 (1440) S 11 (1535) D 13 (1520) … “Missing baryon resonances in  N scattering

4. PDG2008: 22 nucleon resonances (uud, udd) (**) not well- established

5. Dilemma: a)The NRCQM is WRONG: quark-diquark configuration? … b)The NRCQM is CORRECT, but those missing states have only weak couplings to  N, i.e. small g  N*N. (Isgur, 1980) Looking for “missing resonances” in N*   N, K , K ,  N,  N,  N,  N … (Exotics …) N*  u u d d d u u d  n

6. Difficulties –Perturbative QCD cannot be applied –A lot of resonances could be present in a relatively narrow energy region –Non-resonance background is almost equally complicated Experiment –Jefferson Lab (USA) –MAMI (Germany) –ELSA (Germany) –ESRF (France) –SPring-8 (Japan) –BES (China) ¶  M ( , , , , , K …) N N (N, ,  …) EM Strong N*,  *  + p Photo- & electroproduction  D 13 F 15 ¶ A unique way of studying baryon spectrum is via BES: J/  N N*,…

7. Kinematics for pseudoscalar meson photoproduction , k, N, P f, 2 N, P i, 1 M, q,  cm y z x y z x

8. Polarization spin observables in terms of helicity amplitudes , k, N, P i, 1 M, q  cm y z x N, P f, 2 z    Polarized beam asymmetry: with

9. Small resonance excitation can be amplified by its interferences with other sizeable transition mechanisms.

11. Effective chiral Lagrangian for quark-pseudoscalar meson interactions For pion photoproduction, the low energy theorem (LET) provides a crucial test near threshold. In order to recover the LET, one has to rely on the low energy QCD Lagrangian which keeps the meson-baryon interaction invariant under the chiral transformation. Combining the low energy QCD Lagrangian with the quark model, we introduce the quark- meson interaction through the effective Lagrangian:

13. Test of Goldberger-Treiman relation: Note that, g A, the axial vector coupling, relates the hadronic operator  to the quark operator  j for the jth quark, and is defined by To equate the quark-level coupling to the hadronic level one for the  NN vertex, i.e. axial current conservation, one has NiNi NfNf   NiNi NfNf

14. Pseudoscalar meson photoproduction With the quark-photon electromagnetic coupling the photoproduction amplitudes can be expressed in terms of the Mandelstam variables corresponding to the following diagrams: Zhao et al, PRC65, 065204 (2002)

15. The seagull term is composed of two parts,

18. Transition amplitudes in the harmonic oscillator basis

20. Compared with M s 3, amplitude M s 2 is relatively suppressed by a factor of (-1/2) n for each n. Higher excited states are relatively suppressed by (k  q/3  2 ) n /n!. One can identify the quark motion correlations between the initial and final state baryon. Similar treatment can be done for the u channel. In principle, all the s- and u-channel states have been included in the amplitudes, and the quark level operators have been related to the hadronic level ones through g-factors defined as follows. Then, one has to separate out the amplitudes for each single resonance (see Ref. Zhao et al, PRC65, 065204 (2002) ).

21.  M ( , , K …) N N (N, ,  …) EM Strong N*,  *  n  N*  K   n  N* (  *)   N 27 states  p  N* (  *)   N 19 states  n  N*   N  p  N*   N 16 states 8 states  p  N*  K  8 states Due to  selection rule Number of states with the principle quantum number n  2:  Selection rule: Zhao & Close, PRD74, 094014(2006) Difference due to Moorhouse section rule

22. Some numerical results for pion photoproduction  magnetic dipole moment: Zhao et al, PRC65, 065204 (2002)

23. Differential cross sections for

24. Polarized beam asymmetry for

25. Polarized target asymmetry for

26. Recoil polarization asymmetry for Simultaneous account for  p   0 p and  n    p reaction and other relevant reactions. Zhao et al, PRC65, 065204 (2002)

27.  Baryon excitations in pi-N scattering Zhong, Zhao, He, and Saghai, PRC76, 065205 (2007); Zhong and Zhao, Phys. Rev. C 79, 045202 (2009)

28. , q , k N, P i N, P f , k , q N, P f N, P i + N() ()N() () N() ()N() () s-channel Refs. Zhao, Li, & Bennhold, PLB436, 42(1998); PRC58, 2393(1998); Zhao, Didelez, Guidal, & Saghai, NPA660, 323(1999); Zhao, PRC63, 025203(2001); Zhao, Saghai, Al-Khalili, PLB509, 231(2001); Zhao, Al-Khalili, & Bennhold, PRC64, 052201(R)(2001); PRC65, 032201(R) (2002);

29. , k N, P i N, P f , q + , k N, P i N, P f N() ()N() () N() ()N() () u-channel , k , q N, P i N, P f a0a0 t-channel

30.  S-channel transition amplitude with quark level operators Non-relativistic expansion:

31. with

32.  quark level  hadron level Define g-factors:

33. , q , k N, P i N, P f , k , q N, P f N, P i + N() ()N() () N() ()N() () s-channel Compared with M s 3, amplitude M s 2 is relatively suppressed by a factor of (-1/2) n for each n. Higher excited states are relatively suppressed by (k  q/3  2 ) n /n! One can identify the quark motion correlations between the initial and final state baryon Similar treatment can be done for the u channel

34.  Separate out individual resonances

36. In the SU(6) symmetry limit,

37. Goldberger-Treiman relation:  Model parameters

38. Differential cross sections Left panel: Solid: full calculation Dot-dashed: without nucleon Born term Right panel: Solid: full calculation Dotted lines: exclusive S11(1535) Dot-dashed: without S11(1650) Dashed: without t-channel

39. Left panel: Solid: full calculation Dot-dashed: without nucleon Born term Dashed: without D13(1520) Right panel: Solid: full calculation Dotted lines: exclusive S11(1535) Dot-dashed: without S11(1650) Dashed: without t-channel

40. Total cross sections S11(1535) is dominant near threshold. The exclusive cross section is even larger than the data. S11(1650) has a destructive interference with the S11(1535), and appears to be a dip in the total cross section. States from n=2 shell account for the second enhancement around 1.7 GeV. Zhong, Zhao, He, and Saghai, PRC76, 065205 (2007)

41.  S-channel resonance excitations in K – p   0  0 Zhong and Zhao, PRC79, 045202 (2009)

42. We thus determine the mixing angle by experimental data which requires

45. s-channel =0 is the only s-channel amplitude K – (s  u) p   U-channel turns to be important

46. Prospects - I 1.For the purpose of searching for individual resonance excitations, it is essential to have a quark model guidance for both known and “missing” states. And then allow the data to tell: i) which state is favored; ii) whether a state beyond the conventional quark model is needed; iii) how quark model prescriptions for N*NM form factors complement with isobaric models.

47. Prospects - II 2.Understanding the non-resonance background A reliable estimate of the non-resonance background, such as the t- and u-channel. Their interferences with the resonances are essentially important. 3.Unitarity constraint A coherent study of the pseudoscalar photoproduction and meson- baryon scattering is needed. In particular, a coupled channel study will put a unitary constraint on the theory. Photoproduction of , ,  ; and  N   N; K  p   Q. Z., PRC 63, 035205 (2001) ; Q. Z., J.S. Al-Khalili, Z.P. Li, and R.L. Workman, PRC 65, 065204 (2002); Q. Z., B. Saghai and Z.P. Li, JPG 28, 1293 (2002); X.H. Zhong, Q. Z., J. He, and B. Saghai, PRC 76, 065205 (2007) X.H. Zhong and Q. Z., arXiv:0811.4212, PRC79, 045202(2009)

48. Prospects - III 4.Polarization measurement is essential for disentangling the underlying mechanisms. 5.Baryon production in scattering reaction and charmonium decays will complement with each other and make a great sense out of the complicated experimental data.  M ( , , , , , K …) N N (N, ,  …) N*,  * J/  pp N* M N JLab, ELSA, MAMI, ESRF, Spring-8 BEPC e.g. see Zou’s talk.

49. Thanks !