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Terrestrial N Budget “Natural” Biological N Fixation 90 - 125 Lightning 5 95 - 130 Inorganic N Fertilizer 90 Crop N Fixation 32 Fossil Fuel Fixation 25 Industrial Uses 15 162
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1860 1990s Galloway et al. 2004
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Terrestrial P Budget Weathering of P from Minerals 10 – 20 Phosphorus in Fertilizer 19 Industrial Uses of P 0.8
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Bennett et al. 2001
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Urea Soil Organic Matter NH 4 + NO 3 - N2ON2ON2N2 NitrificationDenitrification N2ON2ON2N2 NONH 3 Fertilizer Use and Loss
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Nitrate change in the Mississippi River
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Agricultural sustainability in the Yaqui Valley
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Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005
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Urea Soil Organic Matter NH 4 + NO 3 - N2ON2ON2N2 NitrificationDenitrification N2ON2ON2N2 NONH 3 NH 4 + NO 3 - Fertilizer Use and Loss
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GasSource Role Anthropogenic Ammonia Nitrogen Oxides Nitrous Oxides Vegetation Soils Agriculture Animals Biomass Burning Soils Lightning Agriculture Fossil Fuel Combustion Biomass Burning Aircraft Oceans Soils Agriculture Fossil Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes 83 % 42 % Neutralizes precipitation Transports available N Regulates tropospheric ozone Precursor to nitric acid Transports available N Greenhouse gas Regulates stratospheric ozone 69 %
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Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001 100012001400160018002000 Year
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NO 3 - Input to Marine Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Cropping Systems Urban NO NO X N Deposition Downwind Downstream N2ON2O Upland Ecosystems NO 3 - in Surface and Ground water Saving “land for nature”?
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Yaqui Valley Human-Environment System Water Agriculture Industry Wetlands Aquaculture Urban Fisheries + Marine Estuaries + Fisheries Climate Markets Policies Technology & Resources CO2 Note: institutions for each, but no institutions for integrated system Bio Invasions “natural” lands Conservation NGOs
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Agriculture and Ecosystem Services: Options for Maximizing Biodiversity Conservation and other Services on Working Landscapes
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Water Resource UrbanEnvironmental ResidentialCommercial Industrial Agriculture Wetlands Wild + Scenic Rivers Endangered Species In-stream Flows Balancing Agriculture and Other Demands for Water
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Patronato (Farmer Research) CIMMYT & CGIAR centers Universities INIFAP / CIANO Secretary of Natural Resources Secretary of Health NGO’s (e.g., CI, WWF, Red Fronteriza) Financiera Rural FIRA AOASS Agro- industry (Markets) Agro- industry (inputs) Practice Regulation/ Policy Research Private Banks Phytosanitary Committee & Irrigation District Secretary of Agriculture (State / Federal) Producers Innov ative Credit Unions Agriculture Knowledge System, Yaqui Valley 050610 CONACYT NGO’s (e.g., Foundations)
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