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Genes Control... Development DNA: Physiology Behavior Infectious Disease Inherited Disease Technology
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Drosophila melanogaster
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WHY FLIES… 1) Great Genetics 2) Short life span 3) Small Size 4) Small (sequenced!) Genome
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Great Genetics!!! Function Protein Biochemical Function Gene Phenotype
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Red-Eyed and White-Eyed Fruit Flies
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Eye Color Production in Drosophila
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yellow
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ebony
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vestigial
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eyeless
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Curly
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Drosophila’s Contributions to Genetic Research 1910 First mutation: white eyes (T. H. Morgan) 1913 First genetic map showing genes arranged in a linear order (A. H. Sturtevant) 1916 Proof that genes are located on chromosomes (C. B. Bridges) 1927 X-rays cause mutations and chromosomal rearrangements (H. J. Muller) 1934 First physical mapping of a mutation (T.S. Painter) 1975 First physical mapping of a gene (D. S. Hogness) 1980 First comprehensive analysis of mutants that affect animal development –(C. Nusslein-Volhard, E. Wieschaus, E. Lewis) Nobel Prizes
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Drosophila Life Cycle
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Homeotic Mutations: The conversion of one body part into another Haltere to wing transformation
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Antennae conversion to legs! Dominant, gain of function allele of the Antp gene Developmental Genetics!
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Cell Proliferation Control During Animal Development and its Relation to Cancer
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NormalDysplasia Carcinoma in situMalignant carcinoma Cancer develops through gradual changes in cell morphology and properties
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The Cell Cycle
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Progress Through The Cell Cycle is Regulated
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Cyclin Dependent Kinases (cdk) Control Progress Through The Cell Cycle cyclin E/cdk2 cyclin D/cdk4 cyclin A/cdk2 cyclin B/cdk1 cyclin A/cdk1
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cyclin E/cdk2 cyclin D/cdk4 cyclin A/cdk2 cyclin B/cdk1 cyclin A/cdk1 Gene Expression Regulates Cyclin Dependent Kinase Activity During the Cell Cycle (and vice versa) ….
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Do Flies Get Cancer? St Johnston, Nat Rev Gen 3:176 (2002) YES! (Sort of…)
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Genes involved in 74% of human diseases, including cancer, can be found in Drosophila Flies are like little humans with wings… http://superfly.ucsd.edu/homophila/
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The Cell Cycle What About Development?
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Drosophila Embryonic Cell Cycles: S G2 M SG1 MS
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Early Drosophila development occurs in a syncytium
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Nuclear Division Cycles t = 15 min t = 60 min t = 120 min
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GFP Labeled Chromosomes* *Courtesy of Rob Saint, University of Adelaide, Australia cover slip gas permeable membrane
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Mitosis in an Early Fruit Fly Embryo
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