1. Slide 1 The 17th Century and Military Innovations Major Rascon

2. Slide 2 Learning Objectives Know and discuss the continuing religious strife which led to the Thirty Years’ War, and the total nature of such ideological struggles Know and discuss the continuing religious strife which led to the Thirty Years’ War, and the total nature of such ideological struggles Know and describe the Thirty Years’ War from the standpoint of Gustavus’ strategy and tactics Know and describe the Thirty Years’ War from the standpoint of Gustavus’ strategy and tactics Know and review the military innovations introduced by Gustavus Adolphus Know and review the military innovations introduced by Gustavus Adolphus

3. Slide 3 Learning Objectives Know and describe the growth of defensive fortifications during the reign of Louis XIV Know and describe the growth of defensive fortifications during the reign of Louis XIV Know and recall the development of the law of nations in reaction to the unlimited warfare of the Thirty Years’ war Know and recall the development of the law of nations in reaction to the unlimited warfare of the Thirty Years’ war Relate / apply the development of Cromwell’s New Model Army to the changes in civil- military relationships in 17 th century England Relate / apply the development of Cromwell’s New Model Army to the changes in civil- military relationships in 17 th century England

4. Slide 4 Reading Assignment Jones pp. 221-266 Jones pp. 221-266 P,R,&W pp. P,R,&W pp.

5. Slide 5 Social Diversities Italy still city states Italy still city states France, Germany, Portugal, Holland evolving into pure monarchies France, Germany, Portugal, Holland evolving into pure monarchies

6. Slide 6 Results Powerful kings Powerful kings Power to tax Power to tax Power to raise armies Power to raise armies Centralized control Centralized control Sea power shifts world’s wealth Sea power shifts world’s wealth

7. Slide 7 Conflict 1494 – King Charles VII of France invaded Italy 1494 – King Charles VII of France invaded Italy 1519 – King Charles VIII had alienated Austria (Northern Italy Claims) and Spain (Naples Claims) 1519 – King Charles VIII had alienated Austria (Northern Italy Claims) and Spain (Naples Claims)

8. Slide 8 15 th vs.. 16 th 15 th Century – limited armies fighting limited battles throughout Europe 15 th Century – limited armies fighting limited battles throughout Europe 16 th Century – Europe at war 16 th Century – Europe at war –Charles wanted to unite Europe under one church –Gunpowder was major question

9. Slide 9 Gunpowder Had potential, but was cumbersome and inaccurate Had potential, but was cumbersome and inaccurate Pike only could stop infantry Pike only could stop infantry Most preferred the arquebus, but a mix was needed Most preferred the arquebus, but a mix was needed Video –9min Wheellock Video –9min Wheellock

10. Slide 10 Consalvo de Cordova Massed pikes and harquebus on flanks Massed pikes and harquebus on flanks Countermarching Countermarching Spanish square Spanish square Cavalry shock charges stopped by Swiss pikes Cavalry shock charges stopped by Swiss pikes

11. Slide 11 Mid 16 th Century Religious wars broke out all over Europe Religious wars broke out all over Europe Machiavellian thoughts led to ruthless and unlimited destruction Machiavellian thoughts led to ruthless and unlimited destruction Citizen-soldiers fought for cause of God Citizen-soldiers fought for cause of God Mercenaries then filled in ranks Mercenaries then filled in ranks

12. Slide 12 End of 16 th Century First Muskets (50 – 100 yd accuracy) First Muskets (50 – 100 yd accuracy) Two rounds every 3 minutes Two rounds every 3 minutes Artillery improvements Artillery improvements Cavalry comeback Cavalry comeback –Switch from lance to pistol & sword –Utilized for auxiliary and reconnaissance Officer ranks & chain of command reestablished (Roman Legion) Officer ranks & chain of command reestablished (Roman Legion)

13. Slide 13 17 th Century Mercenaries filled ranks Mercenaries filled ranks –Kings hesitated to arm subjects –Kings believed only mercenaries understood new tactics and weapons –Problems: Money to payMoney to pay Loyalty to whom?Loyalty to whom?

14. Slide 14 New Tactics Firepower required smaller number of warriors across a larger area requiring greater Firepower required smaller number of warriors across a larger area requiring greater –Tactical skills –Initiative –Junior Leaders

15. Slide 15 Leadership Ethical leaders required (no more reckless knight or selfish mercenary) Ethical leaders required (no more reckless knight or selfish mercenary) New “combat leader” began to emerge: New “combat leader” began to emerge: –Socially and ethically disciplined –Tactically a student –Drill and training responsiblities Discipline – not gunpowder – initiated this transformation of the military Discipline – not gunpowder – initiated this transformation of the military

16. Slide 16 Maurice of Netherlands Developed Dutch Army Model Developed Dutch Army Model –Disciplined (unquestionable obedience), Loyal to the unit, year-round pay, lots of drill, still mostly foreigners Officer Corps Officer Corps –Public trust, commissioned due to deeds vice nobility, commissioned by state, unquestionable obedience

17. Slide 17 1618 – Thirty Years’ War France allied with Germany against Holy Roman Empire France allied with Germany against Holy Roman Empire –Threatened Baltic States –Total War (Machiavellian) devastated Germany and Europe –Germany (the battleground) would not recover until the 19 th Century Development of the “Law of Nations” in reaction to unlimited warfare Development of the “Law of Nations” in reaction to unlimited warfare

18. Slide 18 Gustavus’ Strategy Strengthen Swedish power and defend Protestantism Strengthen Swedish power and defend Protestantism Carry the war away from Sweden Carry the war away from Sweden Cautious progress – pessimistic allies Cautious progress – pessimistic allies Mobility of forces Mobility of forces

19. Slide 19 Thirty Years’ War Gustavus invades from north and has series of political and military victories. Gustavus invades from north and has series of political and military victories.

20. Slide 20 Gustavus’ Military Innovations Introduced conscription Introduced conscription Reduced soldiers load Reduced soldiers load –Amount of armor –Weight of weapon Wooden rest – iron spike – no restWooden rest – iron spike – no rest Standardization of paper cartridges Standardization of paper cartridges –Increased the rate of fire

21. Slide 21 Innovations (cont) “Father” of modern artillery “Father” of modern artillery –Standardized Siege, field, and regimental guns –Reduced regimental guns by 1,000 pounds –Artillery cartridge Greatly increased rate of fire and made safer to handleGreatly increased rate of fire and made safer to handle

22. Slide 22 Atrocities Revulsion over Thirty Years’ War Revulsion over Thirty Years’ War –Hugo Grotius’ Rights of War and Peace (1625) Treated states as individuals within in the society of nationsTreated states as individuals within in the society of nations Nations would respect the rights of other nations and honor contractual obligationsNations would respect the rights of other nations and honor contractual obligations

23. Slide 23 English Civil War Background England England –Isolation – no need for standing armies –All men on call, but not at arms –English king could not bring pressure to bear on Parliament –Earlier raids on Spanish ships supported king –Henry VIII Parliament had religious ties to RomeParliament had religious ties to Rome Henry VIII created Church of EnglandHenry VIII created Church of England Civil War followedCivil War followed

24. Slide 24 The Conflict Nobility (King) vs. middle class (Parliament) Nobility (King) vs. middle class (Parliament) Parliament raised army under Cromwell Parliament raised army under Cromwell Recruited citizens who supported Parliament Recruited citizens who supported Parliament 22,000 (50% cavalry/infantry) 22,000 (50% cavalry/infantry) Disciplined followers Disciplined followers Cavalry directly under Cromwell Cavalry directly under Cromwell

25. Slide 25 The Conflict (cont) Cavalry was decisive force Cavalry was decisive force Cavalry used pistol & sword (no pikes) Cavalry used pistol & sword (no pikes) Infantry 1/3 pike, 2/3 musket (100 yd range) Infantry 1/3 pike, 2/3 musket (100 yd range) Red Coats Red Coats Defeated King, death was sentence Defeated King, death was sentence

26. Slide 26 Post Civil War Parliament refused to pay back army Parliament refused to pay back army Parliament tried to disband army Parliament tried to disband army Army revolted and took power (beheaded King) Army revolted and took power (beheaded King) Cromwell now in charge Cromwell now in charge –Divided country into military regions –Police state –Organized secret police to spy on nation –Aggressive foreign policy –True standing army of 70,000

27. Slide 27 After Cromwell’s Death New Parliament and King New Parliament and King New conflict between Parliament/King New conflict between Parliament/King King James dethroned King James dethroned William of Orange took over William of Orange took over

28. Slide 28 William of Orange Needing men to fight France, he accepted parliamentary restrictions Needing men to fight France, he accepted parliamentary restrictions –No peacetime army without parliamentary approval –Protestant citizens had a right to bear arms –Cromwell’s legacy (in America & other English speaking countries as well) Constitution provides military with civilian ruleConstitution provides military with civilian rule Distrust of the “professional officer” has resulted in historical unpreparedness for warDistrust of the “professional officer” has resulted in historical unpreparedness for war

29. Slide 29 Defensive Fortifications Louis XIV Louis XIV –Medieval rendered obsolete by artillery Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban –Constructed three systems of fortifications Low wallsLow walls Earth backingEarth backing Below ground fortificationBelow ground fortification Parallels to approach walls Parallels to approach walls

30. Slide 30 Summary Video 9min flintlock Video 9min flintlock

31. Slide 31 Questions

32. Slide 32 Next Session Learning Objectives: Comprehend and explain the resurrection of mobility and offensive by Marlborough Comprehend and explain the resurrection of mobility and offensive by Marlborough Know and trace the emergence of limited war, international law, and the tight professional armies of Kings Know and trace the emergence of limited war, international law, and the tight professional armies of Kings

33. Slide 33 Learning Objectives Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and means of limited warfare Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and means of limited warfare Comprehend and explain the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant maritime and colonial power by the end of the 18 th century Comprehend and explain the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant maritime and colonial power by the end of the 18 th century