1. Operations and Expressions Chapter 3

2. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 2 Objectives Further work with Object-Centered Design Detailed look at numeric types Work with bool expressions Consider the processing of characters Study assignment operator Use increment, decrement operators First look at class constructors

3. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 3 Problem Use Einstein's equation to calculate the amount of energy released by a quantity of mass given in the problem General Behavior For energy released, enter mass (Must be non-negative): 123 Energy released = 999.99 units

4. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 4 Objects Description Software Objects TypeKindName screen ostream varying cout prompt string constant quantity of matter double varying mass keyboard istream varying cin qty of energy double varying energy descriptive label string constant

5. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 5 Operations i. Display a string (the prompt) on the screen ii. Read a nonnegative number ( mass ) from the keyboard iii. Compute energy from mass iv. Display a number ( energy ) and a string on the screen

6. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 6 Additional Elements We note that step iii. requires Einstein's equation This implies a few more operations And additional objects v. Exponentiation vi. Multiplication of reals vii. Storage of a real Description Software Objects TypeKindName Speed of light double constant SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2 int constant

7. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 7 Algorithm We organize the objects and operations into an algorithm: 1. Declare the constant SPEED_OF_LIGHT. 2. Display to cout a prompt for the mass to be converted into energy. 3. Read a nonnegative number from cin into mass. 4. Compute 5. Display to cout a descriptive label and energy.

8. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 8 Coding, Execution, Testing Figure 3.1 Figure 3.1 shows the source code Sample execution Sample execution runs are also shown Two runs with simple test data for easy checking One run with more realistic data

9. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 9 Expressions Definition: any sequence of objects and operations that combine to produce a value is called an expression. Example: double pressure = ((depth / FEET_PER_ATM) + 1) * LBS_PER_SQ_IN_PER_ATM;

10. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 10 Numeric Expressions C++ provides four familiar arithmetic operators: + for performing addition - for performing subtraction * for performing multiplication / for performing division Each of these four can be applied to either real ( double ) or integer ( int ) operands.

11. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 11 Division Division behaves differently for int and double operands Note the results of the following 3/4  03.0/4.0  0.75 3.0/4  0.753/4.0  0.75 If both operands are integers Integer division performed Otherwise real division performed

12. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 12 Integer vs. Real Division Recall division from grade school. Teacher: “4 goes into 3 how many times?” Pupils: “0 times with a remainder 4” The expression 3 / 4 returns the quotient. This is integer division The expression 3 % 4 returns the remainder. This is read, "3 mod 4"

13. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 13 Type Conversions Combining an int and a real in the same expression 2 + 3.0  5.0 C++ automatically converts narrow values into wider values An integer is converted to a real Result of the expression is a real Often called "promotion"

14. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 14 Precedence Consider the possible value of the expression 2 + 3 * 4 (2 + 3) * 4  24 or 2 + (3 * 4)  14 ? Operator precedence governs evaluation order. * has higher precedence than + * is applied first

15. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 15 Operator Precedence () HIGHER + (positive), - (negative), ! (NOT) *, /, %, >= ==, != && || LOWER See Appendix C for a complete list...

16. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 16 Associativity Consider the possible value of the expression 8 - 4 - 2 (8 - 4) - 2  4 or 8 - (4 - 2)  6 ? Precedence doesn’t help us Associativity tells us. Subtraction is left-associative, the left - is evaluated first, giving us 4. Most (but not all) C++ operators associate left. See Appendix C in the text for a complete list...

17. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 17 Numeric Functions The library contains a variety of mathematical functions, including: sin(x) asin(x) cos(x) acos(x) tan(x) atan(x) sqrt(x) log10(x) log(x) pow(x, y) floor(x) ceiling(x) abs(x)

18. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 18 Using functions #include using namespace std; int main() { double base, exponent, result; // INPUT DATA cout << “\nEnter base and exponent: “; cin >> base >> exponent; //CALCULATE result = pow(base, exponent); //OUTPUT DATA cout << base << “ raised to the power “ << exponent << “ is “ << result << endl; }

19. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 19 Type Conversions Possible to explicitly convert a value from one type to another Syntax to use: type (expression) or (type) expression Conversion can cause loss of data double x = 3.456; cout << (int) x; What gets output? 3

20. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 20 Boolean Expressions C++ type bool has two literals false and true Relational operators produce boolean expressions

21. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 21 Relational Operations Use operators for comparisons Each takes two operands Produces a bool value ( true or false ): x == y x != y x = y x > y x <= y Warning: Do NOT confuse = (assignment) With == (equality).

22. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 22 Compound Boolean Expressions Logical operators

23. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 23 Compound Boolean Expressions More complex boolean expressions can be built using the logical operators: a && b // true iff a, b are both true a || b // true iff a or b is true !a // true iff a is false Example: cin >> score; assert (0 <= score && score <= 100);

24. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 24 Short-Circuit Evaluation Consider the boolean expression ( n != 0 ) && ( x < 1.0 / n ) If n == 0 the right hand expression causes a program crash C++ will evaluate the original expression from left to right If n == 0, the left expression evaluates false Since it is an &&, this makes the whole expression false Thus it does not proceed to the right expression

25. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 25 Preconditions Definition: When a program makes assumptions about its input values Example: that they’re positive Preconditions are boolean expressions Must be true in order for the program to work correctly. To check preconditions, C++ provides the assert() mechanism...

26. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 26 Assertions #include using namespace std; int main() { int age; cout << “\nEnter your age: “; cin >> age; assert(age > 0); //... } Required to use the assert command assert() will halt the program if age <= 0

27. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 27 Character Expressions Character variables can be … Declared and initialized char middleInitial = 'Q'; Assigned middleInitial = 'Z'; Used for I/O cout << middleInitial; cin >> middleInitial; Compared assert (middleInitial != 'X');

28. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 28 Character Functions Boolean character-processing functions found in library: isalpha(ch) isalnum(ch) isdigit(ch) iscntrl(ch) islower(ch) isupper(ch) isspace(ch) ispunct(ch) isprint(ch) isgraph(ch) Case-conversion functions: toupper(ch) tolower(ch)

29. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 29 Assignment Syntax: variable = expression; Expression is evaluated Value placed in memory location associated with variable Example: xCoord = 4.56; code = 'T';

30. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 30 Assignment Given the sequence of three assignment statements, note the results Note that previous variable values are gone after execution of assignment

31. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 31 Assignment The assignment operator = Right-associative, Supports expressions like: int w, x, y, z; w = x = y = z = 0; The rightmost = is applied first, assigning z zero, then y is assigned the value of z (0), then x is assigned the value of y (0) finally w is assigned the value of x (0).

32. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 32 Assignment Shortcuts Some assignments are so common: var = var + x; // add x to var var = var - y; // sub y from var C++ provides shortcuts for them: var += x; // add x to var var -= y; // sub y from var

33. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 33 In General Most arithmetic expressions of the form: var = var  value; can be written in the “shortcut” form: var  = value; Examples: double x, y; cin >> x >> y; x *= 2.0; // double x’s value y /= 2.0; // decrease y by half

34. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 34 Increment and Decrement Other common assignments include: var = var + 1; // add 1 to var var = var - 1; // sub 1 from var C++ provides shortcuts for them, too: var++; // add 1 to var var -- ; // sub 1 from var

35. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 35 Prefix Increment The prefix form of increment produces the final (incremented) value as its result: int x, y = 0; x = ++y; cout << x; // 1 is displayed The prefix decrement behaves similarly...

36. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 36 Postfix Increment The postfix form of increment produces the original (unincremented) value as its result: int x, y = 0; x = y++; cout << x; // 0 is displayed // y now holds value of 1 The prefix decrement behaves similarly...

37. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 37 Prefix vs. Postfix So long as the increment (or decrement) operator is used as a separate statement: int y = 0, x = 0; ++x; // x == 1 y++; // y == 1 … it makes no difference which version is used.

38. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 38 Expressions into Statements – Semicolons An expression followed by a semicolon becomes an expression statement x = y + z; 'A'; cos (z); All are expression statements This expression statement has the added side effect of changing the value of x

39. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 39 I/O Streams C++ has no I/O as part of the language I/O streams are provided by istream and ostream cout cin

40. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 40 Input Expressions Form input_stream >> variable; May be chained together cin >> x >> y; Adapts to whatever type variable is User must enter correct type Best to prompt user for input expected cout << "Enter choice (1 – 10) : "

41. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 41 Output Expressions Form output_stream << expression; May be chained cout << "The sum = " << sum; The expression can be a variable, a constant or a combination using operators cout << "Sum = " << v1 + v2 + v3; The expression adapts to whatever types are used

42. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 42 Output Formatting Possible to specify appearance of output From iostream: showpoint Display decimal point and trailing zeros for all real numbers. noshowpoint Hide decimal point and trailing zeros for whole real numbers (default). fixed Use fixed-point notation for real values. scientific Use scientific notation for real values. boolalpha Display boolean values as strings “true” and “false”. left Display values left justified within a field. right Display values right justified within a field (default). From iomanip: setw(w) Display the next value in a field of size w (default 1). setprecision(p) Display p fractional digits for all subsequent output of real values (common default is 6). Must specify the proper include files to use these. #include #include using namespace std;

43. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 43 Objected-Centered Design Problem: A manufacturing company uses trucks for delivery. For each trip, the driver records mileage, gallons of fuel, cost of fuel, etc. The accountants want a report for miles per gallon, total trip cost, cost per mile. The controller wants a program to assist in recording and calculating these statistics

44. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 44 Behavior For trip statistics: Enter miles traveled: 99 Enter gallons fuel: 99.99 Enter cost per gallon : 99.99 Enter per mile cost for this truck: 9.99 Mileage for this trip : 99.99 Total trip cost : 99.99 Trip cost per mile: 99.99

45. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 45 Objects Description Software Objects TypeKindName screen ostream variable cout total miles traveled double variable miles total gallons used double variable gallonsOfFuel fuel cost per gallon double variable unitFuelCost operating cost/mi double variable unitOperatingCost keyboard istream variable cin miles per gallon double variable milesPerGallon total cost of trip double variable totalTripCost cost per mile double variable costPerMile

46. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 46 Operations i. Display prompt on screen for input ii. Read sequence of four reals from keyboard iii. Compute mpg divide miles by number of gallons iv. Compute total cost of trip: add.. cost of fuel = gallons * price / gallon operating costs = miles * cost / mile v. Compute cost of trip per mile Divide total cost by number of miles traveled vi. Output real values

47. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 47 Algorithm 1. Display a prompt via cout for miles, gallonsOfFuel, unitFuelCost, and unitOperatingCost. 2. Read values from cin into miles, gallonsOfFuel, unitFuelCost, and unitOperatingCost. 3. Check that each of these values is positive. 4. Compute milesPerGallon = miles / gallonsOfFuel. 5. Compute fuelCost = gallonsOfFuel * unitFuelCost. 6. Compute operatingCost = unitOperatingCost * miles. 7. Compute totalTripCost = fuelCost + operatingCost. 8. Compute costPerMile = totalTripCost / miles. 9. Via cout, display milesPerGallon, totalTripCost and costPerMile, with descriptive labels.

48. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 48 Coding, Execution, Testing View source code Figure 3.2Figure 3.2 Note use of prompting input expressions formatting of output View sample runssample runs

49. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 49 OBJECTive Thinking: Initializing and Constructors Constructor: special mechanism to initialize instance variables of a class object Uses assignment statements Can have default values or pass values to the constructor Constructor called when a class object is declared Sphere bigSphere, littleSphere;

50. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 50 A Sphere Constructor class Sphere { public: Sphere();... other Sphere-operation declarations go here private: double myRadius, myDensity, myWeight; }; inline Sphere::Sphere() { myRadius = myDensity = myWeight = 0.0; } Declaration of the constructor Definition of the constructor

51. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 51 A Sphere Constructor When Sphere object called: #include "Sphere.h" int main() { Sphere oneSphere, anotherSphere; } Private variables of each are initialized

52. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 52 A Name Constructor Possible to pass parameters to the constructor #include // the string class using namespace std; class Name { public: Name(); Name(string first, string middle, string last);... other Name-operation declarations go here private: string myFirstName, myMiddleName, myLastName; }; inline Name::Name(string first, string middle, string last) { myFirstName = first; myMiddleName = middle; myLastName = last; } inline Name::Name(string first, string middle, string last) { myFirstName = first; myMiddleName = middle; myLastName = last; }

53. C++ An Introduction to Computing, 3rd ed. 53 A Name Constructor Now declaration can include specific initial values #include "Name.h" int main() { Name hisName("John", "Paul", "Jones"), herName("Mary", "Anne", "Smith"), itsName; }