1. The Life Cycle of Giardia Lamblia

2. Giardia lamblia The cysts, are oval measuring from 11 to 14 µm in length and 7 to 10 µm in width. Four nuclei are usually visible along with axonemes, and median bodies. Often, the cyst will appear shrunken, pulling away from the cyst wall

3. Giardia lamblia The trophozoites are described as having a 'tear-drop' shape and are 18 µm long and 10 µm wide. The trophozoites contain two nuclei, four pair of flagella, two axonemes, and two curved bodies called the median bodies.

4. Entamoeba histolytica Life cycle
the cysts can survive days to weeks in the external environment and are responsible for transmission
Trophozoites passed in the stool are rapidly destroyed once outside the body

5. Entamoeba histolytica
cyst will have 1 to 4 nuclei. In addition, the peripheral chromatin is generally evenly distributed.
trophozoite15 to 20  µm.
CYST 10 – 15 µM

6. Nematoda Ascaris Lumbricoidesz

7. Ascariasis is a disease caused by Ascaris Lumbricoides, an intestinal roundworm known as a nematode

8. Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle
Female 50 cm
Male 30 cm

9. Fertilized, corticated eggs Ascaris
Ascaris Fertilized, decorticated eggs
size microns

10. Both fertile and infertile ova can be corticated or smooth
Ascaris unfertilized or otherwise non-viable eggs
Egg size(infertile): microns in length
Both fertile and infertile ova can be corticated or smooth

11. The life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis
Female 8-13mm
Male 2-5mm

12. Eggs of the human pinworm Enterobius vermicularis
Egg size µm by µm

13. Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle
Egg size: microns
Rhabditiform larva length: 250 microns
Filariform larva: 550 microns
3 or 4days to filariform
2-5 days

14. Rhabditiform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis.  100x

15. Hookworm
Ancylostoma braziliense] [Ancylostoma caninum] [Ancylostoma duodenale] [Necator americanus]
infective larvae can survive 3 to 4 weeks in favorable environmental conditions
after 5 to 10 days
larvae hatch in 1 to 2 days. 

16. Necator americanus : 5 to 11 millimetres , 90 percent of human hookworm infections that occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world
Ancylostoma duodenale, 8 to 13 millimeters long, is found on all continents but is most prevalent in warm regions.
A. braziliense, from 8 to 11 millimetres long, is normally parasitic in dogs and cats; man, however, is sometimes infected by this species in the southern United States, South America, and Asia.

17. Hookworm filariform larva
Rhabditiform larvae that hatch from eggs are µm long and approximately µm wide.

18. Hookworm filariform larva

19. Hookworm eggs in unstained wet mounts, taken at 400× magnification
60-75 µm by µm.

20. Ancylostoma duodenale
Copulatory bursa

21. Plasmodium
Anopheles mosquito

23. Schizont: Hepatic Stage

24. Recognizing Erythrocytic Stages: Schematic Morphology
TROPHOZOITE
RING
SCHIZONT
GAMETOCYTE

25. Plasmodium falciparum
Infected erythrocytes: normal size M I
Gametocytes: mature (M)and
immature (I) forms (I is rarely
seen in peripheral blood)
Rings: double chromatin dots; appliqué forms;
multiple infections in same red cell
Schizonts: 8-24 merozoites
(rarely seen in peripheral blood)
Trophozoites: compact
(rarely seen in
peripheral blood)

26. Plasmodium vivax
Infected erythrocytes: enlarged up to 2X; deformed; (Schüffner’s dots)
Rings
Trophozoites: ameboid; deforms the erythrocyte
Schizonts: merozoites
Gametocytes: round-oval

27. “malariae - like parasite in vivax - like erythrocyte”
Plasmodium ovale
Infected erythrocytes: moderately enlarged (11/4 X); fimbriated; oval; (Schüffner’s dots)
“malariae - like parasite in vivax - like erythrocyte”
Trophozoites: compact
Rings
Gametocytes: round-oval
Schizonts: 6-14 merozoites;
dark pigment; (“rosettes”)

28. Plasmodium malariae
Infected erythrocytes: size normal to decreased (3/4X)
Trophozoite:
typical
band form
Trophozoite:
compact
Schizont:
6-12 merozoites;
coarse, dark pigment
Gametocyte:
round; coarse,
dark pigment

29. Species Differentiation on Thin Films

30. Species Differentiation on Thin Films

31. Morphology
Malarial parasite trophozoites are generally ring shaped, 1-2 microns in size, although other forms (ameboid and band) may also exist.
The sexual forms of the parasite (gametocytes) are much larger and 7-14 microns in size.
P. falciparum is the largest and is banana shaped, while others are smaller and round.

32. Morphology Ring form: (Plasmodium vivax )
a ring of bluish cytoplasm with
a dot-like nucleus

33. Trophzoite of Plasmodium vivax
irregular cytoplasm and enlarged nucleus with malarial pigment
( hemozoin)

34. Schizont of P.vivax
multiple masses of nuclear chromatin

35. Gametocytes Male gametocyte Female gametocyte
Note: compact cytoplasm and absence of
nuclear division.

36. Ring form of P. falciparum
Ring with double nuclei
Multiple infections

37. African sleep sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Tsetse Fly

39. Trypanosoma Diagnosis
1- Detection of trypanosoma chancre after bite
African Trypanosomiasis in Travelers Returning to the United Kingdom
The Tsetse bite is usually painful and may develop into a red sore called a chancre

40. 2- Blood smear within 21 days from the bit , it will show the parasite
A blood smear from a patient with African trypanosomiasis. a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and an anterior flagellum. The two Trypanosoma brucei species that cause human trypanosomiasis, T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, are undistinguishable morphologically. The trypanosomes length range is µm

41. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
trypomastigote