1. MIS 650: Research Frameworks1 Role of Frameworks, Role of Models, Types of Model, Research Criteria MIS 650 Research Frameworks and Models

2. MIS 650: Research Frameworks2 Basic Definitions F Framework F Model F Variable/Surrogate/Proxy F Concept/Construct

3. MIS 650: Research Frameworks3 Framework A FRAMEWORK is a matrix within which research efforts can be classified The dimensions of the framework are limitless, but often include roles, effects, technology, users, etc. Frameworks are informal, cannot be “proven” and are used to compare or situate papers and ideas

4. MIS 650: Research Frameworks4 A Framework is a pair of intellectual spectacles to see with and a set of cubbyholes to display what you want to see.   Yaddayadda yadda Ya dadad yadad Awop bopalumbop A

5. MIS 650: Research Frameworks5 Uses of Research Frameworks •Classification of phenomena •Comparison of phenomena •Generation of research questions •Creation of research models •Evaluation of field efforts     

6. MIS 650: Research Frameworks6 Model A simplification of some aspect of reality Simplification occurs through –Lumping (Categorization) –Elimination Models contain elements with relations among those elements. These reflect relationships among elements of the base reality

7. MIS 650: Research Frameworks7 Hierarchy of Theoretical Entities and Relationships Theory Concept Con- struct Proxy/ Surrogate Variable Data A b s t r a c t i o n

8. MIS 650: Research Frameworks8 Concept Conceive [ME conceiven < OFr conceveir < L concipere to take in, receive < com together + capere to take] An idea or thought, esp. a generalized idea of a thing or class of things; abstract notion. Concepts serve both to sum up (generalize) thoughts as well as organize and relate them. Concepts are “sophisticated” forms of experience.

9. MIS 650: Research Frameworks9 Construct Construct [<L constructus < com together + struere to pile up, build rel. to “strew”] Something put together systematically An idea or perception resulting from a synthesis of sense impressions, etc. A concept or theory devised to integrate in an orderly way the diverse data on a phenomenon.

10. MIS 650: Research Frameworks10 Variable/Surrogate/Proxy A variable is a theoretical concept (actually construct) that varies in value; part of a theory. A surrogate or proxy for that variable is a measurement taken in the real world of that variable; part of testing or using a theory. All proxies present problems of validity, reliability and pragmatic measurement difficulties

11. MIS 650: Research Frameworks11 Models: Level of Explanation Depictional: depicts or reproduces aspects of the modeled system Descriptive: describes in translated terms the modeled system Classificational: groups phenomena within the modeled system together Logical: Asserts logical dependencies among elements of the modeled system Causal: asserts that some phenomena in the modeled system cause other phenomena Physical: makes things happen in the modeled system Atheoretical

12. MIS 650: Research Frameworks12 Types of Models: Causal / Associational IVDV EV a b EV 1 CV Direct Cause: IV-DV Indirect Cause: IV-EV-DV Common Cause: EV-(IV,DV) Effectiveness: a/(a+b) Loss: c Efficiency: CV-IV-DV c IV is sufficient to cause change to DV of strength a d EV is sufficient to cause change to both IV and DV of strengths r(d,b)

13. MIS 650: Research Frameworks13 Types of Models: Process DV IV2 IV4IV6 IV1 IV3IV5 Each IV is necessary at a certain level of strength b to allow change to DV of strength a a b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6

14. MIS 650: Research Frameworks14 Types of Models: Multidomain Modeling DOMAIN 1 Sources - Industry characteristics- DOMAIN 2 Industry Experience/Action - Outcomes for Industry DOMAIN 3 Statements / Interpretations

15. MIS 650: Research Frameworks15 Types of Models: Rationalising Description of the use of a model:  Description of a phenomenon: for whom  Prediction of a phenomenon: for when  Control of a phenomenon: why, how much  Operation of a phenomenon: ?

16. MIS 650: Research Frameworks16 Types of Models: Contingency XY XY a b X Y X In different regions, X and Y have different relationships at different strengths. A region may or may not be describable in terms of a set of variables itself

17. MIS 650: Research Frameworks17 Types of Models: Classificational The phenomena within a region or system are “arbitrarily” classified as being similar and dissimilar based on a scheme of controlling variables (A, B) which are in turn justified theoretically (in terms of another theory) A B

18. MIS 650: Research Frameworks18 Types of Models: Time Series Baseline 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Criterion Value(s) Important times (in series) Treatments across time allow changes in (a) criterion value(s). There is no control group; the treatment effectiveness is compared to non- treatment effectiveness.

19. MIS 650: Research Frameworks19 Types of Models: Evaluation Evaluative Environment Action Domain - hkhjhjk - hkjhjh - ghgj - gjhgh

20. MIS 650: Research Frameworks20 Types of Models: Layered Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

21. MIS 650: Research Frameworks21 Research Criteria Are the results meaningful?* –Validity Are the results trustworthy? –Reliability –Significance

22. MIS 650: Research Frameworks22 Validity Stuff ` These elements have no counterpart in reality These elements have no counterpart in the model This relationship is not mirrored in the model This relationship has no correspondence in reality

23. MIS 650: Research Frameworks23 Threats to Validity History Testing Instrumentation Mortality Maturation Ambiguity about causal direction Generalisability “Measuring the wrong thing”

24. MIS 650: Research Frameworks24 Types of Research Errors Type I: Type II: Type III: “Seeing something that isn’t there”; in general, someone else will disprove you “Not seeing something that is there”; waste of time and effort; puts a chill on creativity “Not looking in the right place”; severe methodological problems or sampling or theoretical problems