1. Discriminant Functions Alexandros Potamianos Dept of ECE, Tech. Univ. of Crete Fall 2004-2005

2. Discriminant Functions  Main Idea: Describe parametrically the decision boundary (instead of the properties of the class), e.g., the two classes are separated by a straight line a x 1 + b x 2 + c = 0, with parameters (a,b,c) (instead of the feature PDFs are 2-D Gaussians)

3. Example: Two classes, two features a x 1 + b x 2 + c = 0 x1x1 x2x2 w1w1 w2w2 x1x1 x2x2 w1w1 w2w2  11  22  12  21 N(  1,  1 ) N(  2,  2 ) Model Class BoundaryModel Class Characteristics

4. Duality  Dualism Parametric class description  Bayes classifier  Decision boundary  Parametric Discriminant Functions  For example modeling class features by Gaussians with same (across-class) variance results in hyper-plane discriminant functions

6. Discriminant Functions  Discriminant functions g i (x) are functions of the features x of a class i  A sample x is classified to class c for which g i (x) is maximized, i.e., c = argmax i {g i (x)}  The function g i (x) = g j (x) defines class boundaries for each pair of (different) classes i and j

7. Linear Discriminant Functions  Two class problem: A single discriminant function is defined as: g(x) = g 1 (x) – g 2 (x)  If g(x) is a linear function g(x) = w T x + w 0 then the boundary is a hyper-plane (point, line, plane for 1-D, 2-D, 3-D features respectively)

8. Linear Discriminant Functions a x 1 + b x 2 + c = 0 x1x1 x2x2 w = (a,b) -c/b -c/a

9. Non Linear Discriminant Functions  Quadratic discriminant functions g(x) = w 0 +  i w i x i +  ij w ij x i x j for examples for a two class 2-D problem g(x) = a + b x 1 + c x 2 + d x 1 2  Any non-linear discriminant function can become linear by increasing the dimensionality, e.g., y 1 = x 1, y 2 = x 2, y 3 = x 1 2 (2D nonlinear  3D linear) g(y) = a + b y 1 + c y 2 + d y 3

10. Parameter Estimation  The parameters w are estimated by functional minimization  The function to be minimized J models the average distance of training samples from the decision boundary for either Misclassifier training samples All training samples  The function J is minimized using gradient descent

11. Gradient Descent  Iterative procedure towards a local minimum a(k+1) = a(k) – n(k)  J(a(k)) where k is the iteration number, n(k) is the learning rate and  J(a(k)) is the gradient of the function to be minimized evaluated at a(k)  Newton descent is the gradient descent with learning rate equal to the inverse Hessian matrix

12. Distance Functions  Perceptron Criterion Function J p (a) =  misclassified ( - a T y)  Relaxation With Margin b J r (a) =  misclassified (a T y - b) 2 / ||y|| 2  Least Mean square (LMS) J s (a) =  all samples (a T y i - b i ) 2  Ho-Kashyap rule J s (a,b) =  all samples (a T y i - b i ) 2

13. Discriminant Functions  Working on misclassified samples only (Perceptron, Relaxation with Margin) provides better results but converges only for separable training sets

14. High Dimensionality  Using non-linear discriminant functions and linearizing them in a high dimensional space can make ANY training set separable large # of parameters (curse of dimensionality)  Support vector machines: A smart way to select appropriate terms (dimensions) is needed