1. Protein Synthesis

2. Protein or Polypeptide chain

3. Transcription – Copying the DNA in RNA language. The resulting mRNA moves out to the cytoplasm. Translation – At the ribosome, the information encoded in the mRNA is used to assemble a chain of amino acids or protein.

4. Comparing DNA and RNA RNA Ribose sugar Uracil instead of Thymine Single stranded DNA Deoxyribose sugar Thymine Double stranded

5. Transcription RNA polymerase copies the DNA strand, adding the complimentary RNA bases to form the mRNA

7. The mRNA moves to a ribosome for translation into a protein.

9. The Triplet Code There are four DNA bases They code for 20 amino acids If two bases coded for one amino acid, there wouldn’t be enough, only 16 Three bases coding for each amino acid is just right, 64 possible combinations. A set of 3 DNA bases that code for one amino acid is referred to as a codon.

10. mRNA genetic code library

11. There are Three Forms of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA carries the information for synthesis of protein rRNA – ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes tRNA – brings the amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis The triplet code in tRNA is called the anticodon Each tRNA and its anticodon is specific for one amino acid

12. Translation mRNA binds to the ribosome tRNA arrives, binding to the ribosome A 2 nd tRNA arrives, their amino acids bond and the 1 st tRNA leaves More tRNA arrive until the mRNA is completely translated into protein

15. Mutations Mutation – a permanent alteration of a DNA base sequence Most have no effect on an organism. Some have a deadly effect, only a slight few have a positive effect. Point mutation When a single base pair is changed. Whole chromosome mutations See chapter 12

16. Most mutations happen in somatic cells and are of little or no importance. Melanoma or skin cancer Mutations that happen in gametes can be passed from generation to generation.

17. A Pedigree of Hemophilia in the Royal Families of Europe Selected members of the pedigree  I-1 = King George III  III-1 and III-2 = Prince Albert and Queen Victoria  IV-5 and IV-6 = Alice of Hesse and Ludwig IV of Hesse  V-13 and V-14 = Alix and Nicholas II (Tsar of Russia)Alix and Nicholas II  VI-16 = Alexei