1. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Creating Topic Maps + Topic Maps and Knowledge Organization Steve Pepper pepper.steve@gmail.com Oslo University College, 2007-09-15

2. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Course agenda Week 37 – 09-08Introduction to Topic Maps – Part 1 Week 38 – 09-15Creating a topic map Week 39 – 09-22Introduction to Topic Maps – Part 2 Week 42 – 10-13Ontology-driven editing Week 43 – 10-20The machinery of Topic Maps Week 46 – 11-10(Semantic Web) Week 48 – 11-24(Ontologies) Terminology: – Topic Maps: The technology and the standard – topic maps: The artefacts (documents) we create

3. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Today’s agenda Quick recap: basic concepts and building blocks Topic Maps and Knowledge Organization – Metadata, taxonomies, thesauri, faceted classification Interchange syntaxes – XTM, LTM and CTM Demo: Creating a topic map using LTM – Pay close attention...

4. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Recap: Core concepts A pool of information or data, and information Associations –representing relationships between subjects composed by born in composed by Occurrences –links to information that is somehow relevant to a given subject =The TAO of Topic Maps a knowledge layer consisting of knowledge Topics –a set of topics representing the key subjects of the domain in question Puccini Tosca Lucca Madame Butterfly

5. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Recap: Basic building blocks Basic building blocks are – Topics: e.g. “Puccini”, “Lucca”, “Tosca” – Associations: e.g. “Puccini was born in Lucca” – Occurrences: e.g. “http://www.opera.net/puccini/bio.html is a biography of Puccini” Each of these constructs can be typed – Topic types: “composer”, “city”, “opera” – Association types: “born in”, “composed by” – Occurrence types: “biography”, “street map”, “synopsis”

6. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Maps and Knowledge Organization Keywords & controlled vocabularies Taxonomies, thesauri & classifications Indexes & glossaries Ontologies

7. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Bibliographic languages Work language – Author language – Title language – Edition language – Subject language Classification language Index language Document language – Production language – Carrier language – Location language Svenonius, Elaine (2000): The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (p.54) Work languages – “Work languages describe information entities, their intellectual (as opposed to physical) attributes, and relationships among them.” (p.87) Document languages – ”A document is a particular space-time embodiment of information: a document language describes and provides access to this embodiment.” (p.107) Subject languages – “A subject language is used to depict what a document is about.” (p.127)

8. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Two perspectives Works have tended to be conflated with documents – So in practice there have been two kinds of language Document languages – describe the work and its manifestations – document-centric (or resource-centric), e.g. document metadata (Dublin Core) bibliographic records (MARC) Subject languages – describe the subject space in which the work exists – subject-centric, e.g. thesauri, taxonomies (ICD) classification schemes (LCSH, DDC) faceted classification (Colon)

9. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Metadata “Data about data” – Information about documents – e.g. author, title, publisher, date, format, keywords Useful for managing the content – Especially suitable for librarians Somewhat useful for searching – Especially for experts Less useful for end-users – the user starts out wanting to know more about a subject – traditional metadata, however, focuses on the document – if aboutness is provided at all, it gets squeezed into a single field Title: Creating Topic Maps Author:Steve Pepper Date:2007-09-13 Format:appl/ppt Keywords:topic maps, syntax, knowledge organization

10. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Keywords Primitive form of subject-based classification – The keywords are used to describe the subject – Cheap and simple… Folksonomies and tagging. But also problematic because authors – misspell keywrods, – use different keywords/terms/tags for the same thing, and – use keywords that make no sense Secondary problem – No way for the user to find out what keywords have been used A keyword is a topic name

11. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Controlled vocabularies Solution: create a list of legal keywords! – Requires somewhere to keep the list, and a process for new terms Benefits – Solves problems of misspelling and duplicates (synonyms) Disadvantages – Introduces some overhead (a flat list is difficult to manage) – Users can still search using the wrong terms – Users (and authors) still have difficulty finding terms A controlled vocabulary is a well-defined set of topics with one name per topic

12. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Taxonomies Organize the keywords into a tree – Most general at the top, more specific further down – Common structure used by Yahoo!, etc. – The folder metaphor file systems, email, favourites Requires relationships between terms – Relationships state that one term is more specific than another – Advantage: terms somewhat easier to find – Disadvantage: real world does not fit neatly into a hierarchy A taxonomy is a set of topics related through a specific type of hierarchical association

13. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Thesauri Like a taxonomy, but with some extensions – Also better defined: there are ISO standards for thesauri Relationship types: – BTBroader termNTNarrower term – USEPreferred termUFNon-preferred terms – RTRelated term – SNScope note A thesaurus is a set of topics related through particular, predefined association types – BT/NT (hierarchical) and RT (untyped, associative) – (Scope notes are a kind of occurrence) – (USE and UF represent multiple names for the same concept/topic)

14. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Faceted classification Invented by S. R. Ranganathan in the 1930s – Defines a number of facets or dimensions – Defines a set of terms within each facet – Sometimes these terms are arranged in a taxonomy – Documents are classified against each facet separately A faceted classification is a collection of topic “hierarchies” – Each “hierarchy” contains topics whose names are used as terms within a particular facet – XFML: An XML interchange syntax for faceted classification inspired by Topic Maps

15. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Expressivity progression Topic maps – use any types, properties, and relationships you like Faceted classification – multiple vocabularies, taxonomies or thesauri (one per facet) Thesauri – more formal taxonomy; still no topic types; two association types Taxonomy – terms arranged in a hierarchy; no topic types; single association type Controlled vocabulary, folksonomies – just a list of terms; no topic types; no associations open model fixed model no model

16. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Document-centric approaches Traditional metadata is document-centric – Provides substantial descriptive power for documents – Allows connection into subject-based classification – Crucial for the management of content – However, users are most interested in the subjects Taxonomies, thesauri, and faceted classification are also document-centric – These are methods for subject-based classification – They provide hardly any descriptive power for subjects

17. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Subject-centric approaches Topic maps are subject-centric – They provide great descriptive power for subjects – Good as finding aids, because subjects are what users care about Documents can be treated as subjects – This enables topic maps to capture metadata as well – It also enables topic maps to stitch metadata and subject-based classification together into one seamless whole Topic Maps is the knowledge model par excellence: – A subject-centric knowledge model that encompasses every other kind of knowledge organization model – Topic Maps can therefore be used to relate and combine taxonomies, indexes, thesauri, classifications, etc. etc.

18. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Syntaxes XTM, LTM and CTM What are they? When should I use which?

19. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Maps Syntaxes HyTM (HyTime Topic Maps) – Original syntax, expressed in terms of SGML and HyTime – No longer part of ISO 13250 XTM (XML Topic Maps Syntax) – Later, XML-based syntax, recently moved to version 2.0 – Easy to understand but very verbose LTM (Linear Topic Map Notation) – Defined by Ontopia in 2001 and supported by other products – A simple ASCII syntax for rapid prototyping CTM (Compact Topic Maps Syntax) – ISO standard replacement for LTM – Complete draft exists, but no implementations yet

20. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Map – XTM 1.0 Syntax <!ELEMENT topicMap ( topic | association | mergeMap )* > <!ATTLIST topicMap id ID #IMPLIED xmlns CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/' xmlns:xlink CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' xml:base CDATA #IMPLIED > <topicMap xmlns="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" >

21. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Map – LTM Syntax /* topics, associations, and occurrences go here */

22. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic – XTM 1.0 Syntax <!ELEMENT topic ( instanceOf*, subjectIdentity?, ( baseName | occurrence )* ) > <!ATTLIST topic id ID #REQUIRED >......

23. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic – LTM Syntax [topic-id] [italy] [puccini]

24. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Name – XTM 1.0 Syntax (1 of 2) <!ATTLIST baseName id ID #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST baseNameString id ID #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST variant id ID #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST variantName id ID #IMPLIED >

25. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Name – XTM 1.0 Syntax (2 of 2) La Bohème Bohème, La

26. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Name – LTM Syntax [topic-id = basename; sortname?; dispname?] [la-boheme = ”La Bohème"; "Bohème, La"]

27. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Type – XTM 1.0 Syntax Use subelement...

28. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic Type – LTM Syntax [topic-id : topic-type] [tosca : opera] [boito : composer librettist]

29. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Occurrence – XTM 1.0 Syntax Use subelement: external/internal resources: or <!ELEMENT occurrence ( instanceOf?, scope?, ( resourceRef | resourceData ) ) > <!ATTLIST occurrence id ID #IMPLIED > <resourceRef xlink:href="http://www.opera.it/Opere/La-Boheme/La-Boheme.html"/> 1896 (1 Feb)

30. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Occurrence – LTM Syntax {topic-id, occurrence-type, [URL | data]} {la-boheme, homepage, "http://www.opera.it/Opere/La-Boheme/La-Boheme.html"} {la-boheme, premiere-date, [[1896 (1 Feb)]]}

31. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic – Complete XTM 1.0 Syntax La Bohème Boheme, La 1896 (1 Feb)

32. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Topic – Complete LTM Syntax [la-boheme : opera = "La Bohème"; "Boheme, La” ] {la-boheme, homepage, "http://www.opera.it/Opere/La-Boheme/La-Boheme.html"} {la-boheme, premiere-date, [[1896 (1 Feb)]]}

33. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Association – XTM 1.0 Syntax

34. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Association – LTM Syntax assoc-type ( role-player, role-player,... ) composed-by( puccini, tosca ) Note 1: There can be more than two role-players in an association. We’ll talk about that next week. Note 2: The above is an oversimplification due to the fact that we have not yet talked about role types. We’ll do that next week. The exact syntax should be as follows: assoc-type ( role-player : role-type, role-player : role-type,... ) composed-by( puccini : composer, tosca : work ) When omitted, the role type will be assumed to be identical to the type of the role-playing topic. This can be a useful short-hand and we will use it for now, but it is not always what you want...

35. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Subject Identity – XTM 1.0 Syntax The Ontopia Website Ontopia

36. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Subject Identity – LTM Syntax [topic-id = names %subject-address-URL] [topic-id = names @subject-indicator-URL] /* Refer to a resource as subject: */ [foo = "The Ontopia Website" %"http://www.ontopia.net" ] /* Refer to a subject indicator: */ [bar = "Ontopia" @"http://www.ontopia.net/about.html"]

37. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Scope – XTM 1.0 Syntax <!-- "scope" subelements on baseName, occurrence, and association (also "parameters" on variantName) --> composed by composer of La Bohème (Leoncavallo) La Bohème

38. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Scope – LTM syntax (name or occurrence or association) / scoping-topic(s) [born-in = "composed by" = "composer of" / composer ] [la-boheme1 = "La Bohème (Puccini)" = "La Bohème" / puccini ] [la-boheme2 = "La Bohème (Leoncavallo)" = "La Bohème" / leoncavallo ]

39. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Demo: Creating a topic map

40. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Home assignment 1. Prerequisites – You have installed Java and the OKS Samplers – You know the basics of LTM http://www.ontopia.net/download/ltm.html 2. Create your first topic map – Decide what domain you want to cover – Write LTM in a text editor (Notepad, TextPad, emacs,...) – Keep it in its own directory – Copy to.../apache-tomcat/webapps/omnigator/WEB-INF/topicmaps for testing in the Omnigator – Use Reload function

41. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Your own topic map Choose something that really interests you – It’s much more fun than something boring! Some ideas: – Sport (football, cricket,...) – Culture (music, film, literature, theatre,...) – Study courses – Project management – Conference website – Languages – Geography This first topic map is your own personal one – The next one will be a group project for term assessment Requirements: – Minimum 4 topic types, 4 association types, 4 occurrence types – Minimum 10 topics, 20 associations, 10 occurrences – Send to pepper.steve@gmail.com by Monday 29 September

42. O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything www.ontopedia.net Next lecture Monday September 22 Same time, same place Agenda – Advanced features (roles, scope, identity, reification) – Help with home assignment