1. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) The abstract section of the thesis should provide a complete outline of the thesis and would normally do this within one to two pages of double spaced text. It tells the reader: WHAT the research is about. WHAT question the research is answering or what gap in previous research the present research fills. WHY the research was done ( the purpose or aims of the research) HOW the research was done (the methodology that was used) WHAT the research found (the results) SO WHAT, tells why the results are significant and what the implications are/may be.

2. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) In some qualitative theses, the abstract might also include a statement of the writer’s perspective in regard to the research. This broadly still fits within the HOW (methodology) stage of the abstract. An example of this is the following short statement which appeared in the abstract of a Masters of Nursing Honors thesis: “… In this research, I use a post-structuralist feminist perspective incorporating Foucault’s ideas on power, knowledge, truth and resistance …”

3. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) You may notice that the writer has used the personal ”I” in her writing. This is still relatively unusual, but here the perspective that the writer is using (poststructuralist feminist) is one which acknowledges the subjective and challenges the idea that any knowledge is objective. Given this, it is not surprising that the writer chose to use “I”. In more traditionally oriented thesis, you are more likely to find more impersonal language e.g. “This research makes use of x approach to …” In effect, the abstract sums up the research and summarizes the separate sections of the thesis: the introduction, the methods section, the results section and the discussion and conclusion section. Because its function is to provide an outline of the whole thesis, notice that it’s one section that you can only finalize after you have completed writing up the rest of your thesis.

4. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) The yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) is one of only a few mammal species that feed on plant and insect exudates. The research described in this thesis aimed to assess the importance of the diet on the behavioral ecology of the yellow-bellied glider. (2) Gliders were studied in detail at two sites in New South Wales in quite different forest habitats. One site was near Bombala on the southeast tablelands and the other was near Kiola on the south coast. (3) The following features of the behavioral ecology of the yellow-bellied glider are presented in this thesis: (i) the diet and foraging behavior, (ii) a detailed examination of the influences on the sap feeding behavior, (iii) the socioecology, (iv) the size of home-ranges, and (v) influences on the use of vocalizations. 2. filed-work location 3. scope of study 1. focus of research

5. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) At both study sites, a detailed assessment was made of the contribution of various food resources to the diet. Direct observation was necessary to assess the diet because exudates are almost wholly digested and, the use of exudate indicators in the faeces allows only presence or absence to be ascertained. (1) Exudates (eucalypt sap, insect honeydew, manna, nectar) accounted for approximately 75% of the diet of gliders at Bombala based on the proportion of the observed feeding time) whilst arthropods accounted for the remaining 25%. Arthropods are believed to be harvested primarily to provide dietary protein which is virtually absent from exudates. (2) In contrast, exudates accounted for 99% of the diet at Kiola and arthropods only ca(circa). 1%. Gliders at Kiola spent 70% of their feeding time engaged in feeding on nectar (and presumably pollen) from eucalypt blossom. Most of the protein requirement of gliders at this site may have been satisfied by pollen digestion because glider faeces contained substantial numbers of pollen grains, most of which had lost their cell contents. 1. results for diet and foraging behavior at bombala (section i) 2. results for diet and foraging behavior at Kiola

6. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) Eucalypt sap was important in the diet of gliders at both sites on some occasions. Gliders obtained sap by cutting into the trunks of trees with their lower incisor teeth and licking the sap that exuded. This occurred on only a small proportion of trees within a home-range. The incidence of rainfall and the availability of alternative food resources have been suggested recently to account for this seemingly enigmatic behavior. (2) However, the occurrence of sap feeding was not related to rainfall at either Bombala or Kiola. Moreover, neither hypothesis accounts for the selection of only a small number of trees for sap feeding. Gliders were also selective in the species of tree utilized, with only a few of the available species being incised. 2. this study did not support these hypotheses 1. previous studies of sap feeding behavior (section ii)

7. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) An index of sap flow in both sap-site and non sap-site trees was obtained periodically. Gliders fed on sap only at times of high sap flow and trees used for sap feeding tended to have a greater propensity to elevate sap flow than trees not incised by gliders. Feeding bouts during the main sap feeding periods were of a long duration (ca. 65 min) but outside these periods gliders occasionally made brief (ca. 6 min) ‘test’ incisions into both sap-site and non sap-site trees. (2) It is suggested that this behavior of gliders allows them to assay trees for the amount of sap flow and it is only when this is above a certain threshold that gliders engage in sap feeding. At Kiola, high levels of sap flow were measured at times when sap feeding did not occur. This suggests that the abundance of alternative food resources, particularly of nectar, may on occasion influence the use of sap by gliders. Thus, elevated sap flow may provide a necessary precondition for sap feeding rather than ensuring its occurrence. 1. methodology for sap feeding study 2. discussion of results of sap feeding

8. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) An examination of the foraging behavior of gliders at both sites revealed that gliders spend more than 80% of the time outside their dens feeding. When feeding time is coupled with time spent in other behaviors essential for foraging (i.e. gliding and climbing), approximately 90% of this time is accounted for. This is one of the highest values yet found for a mammal. It is suggested that this is due to the nature of the diet. Exudates are continuously renewed and can be quickly assimilated, but these food types are never sufficiently abundant to permit much time to other activities. 1. discussion of foraging behavior section I (to be continued)

9. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) Gliders spent significantly longer periods in trees when feeding on exudates than when feeding on arthropods. Also, gliders tended to forage together in the same trees when feeding on exudates compared to when feeding on arthropods. Data collected at both sites suggest that the foraging behavior of gliders is influenced, not only by the abundance of their food resources, but also by the rates of renewal. At Kiola, when eucalypts were flowering, gliders often had a choice - of remaining in single trees for long periods of time or visiting more trees and perhaps encountering higher standing crops of nectar. Gliders were always highly selective in their choice of flowering trees in which to feed, choosing those with more than twice as many flowers as on a randomly selected sample of trees. 1. discussion of foraging behavior section i

10. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) Trapping of gliders was conducted at both sites and this, coupled with extensive spotlighting, allowed the social organization of gliders to be monitored. (2) At Bombala, gliders lived in groups consisting of an adult pair and occasionally a sub- adult. Thus, glider groups almost always contained two or three individuals which shared an exclusive home-range. In contrast, glider groups at Kiola never contained fewer than three individuals and initially two groups contained six individuals each. Both these groups contained an adult male and at least two adult females, suggesting a po ly gamous mating system. Subsequently, group sizes declined to three individuals which included an adult pair with sub-adult. This decline in group size coincided with the failure of flowering in the most abundant tree species at this site, Eucalyptus Maculata, over three successive years. It is argued that the mating system of these gliders is determined by the abundance and continuity of their food resources. (2) At Kiola, eucalypt blossom can be available throughout the year, providing a constant supply of both energy and protein. 1. methodology for socioecology study section iii 2. results for Bombala and Kiola

11. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) Gliders at the two study sites gave birth to a single young. At Bombala, young were born predominantly between July and September while at Kiola, there was a predominance of births between February and March. This difference is suggested to be related to the timing of late lactation and weaning to coincide with the availability and predictability of certain food resources. 1. discussion of reproductive habits and their significance to study

12. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) At both sites, glider groups occupied exclusive home ranges. At Bombala, these averaged 55 ha (using 95C*G isopleths based on the harmonic mean 调和平均值 distance minimum) compared to 30 ha at Kiola. The difference in the size of the home range may reflect a greater abundance of food resources at Kiola. Exclusive use of a home-range is often considered suggestive of territorial behavior. The gliding capability of these possums allowed extraordinary mobility within their home-ranges which is one prerequisite for territorial behavior. I propose that the extensive use of vocalizations by yellowbellied gliders, which parallels the behavior of many primates, mediates this inter-group spacing. Calling rates by gliders were higher when they foraged in the periphery of their home-range compared to when they foraged in the core of their home-range. Experimental playback of vocalizations within glider home-ranges resulted in increased calling rates by the resident gliders and in 50% of tests, led to a resident glider moving into the playback area. These results suggest that the home-ranges of glider groups are in fact, territories. 1. results for study of home-ranges section iv 2. results for study of vocalizations section v

13. qhsun Abstract (Example from Biology) (1) This study shows that the extensive use of exudates by yellow-bellied gliders has a strong influence on their behavioral ecology. Exudates display a set of traits (a clumped spatial distribution, a continuous rate of renewal, can be quickly digested, have the potential to be available year-round and to be at times superabundant) which produce (i) an uncommon time activity budget, (ii) a flexible mating system and (iii) apparent territoriality. Finally, the requirement of the yellow-bellied glider for very large home-ranges and the allocation of an enormous amount of time to foraging suggest that this species may be adversely affected by habitat alteration. (2) Studies which examine the impact of logging on the behavioral ecology of this species are now required. End 1. Main conclusion and implications drawn from the research 2. suggestions for further research

14. qhsun How to Write Keywords General functions Easiness to Retrieval : As the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representative of the theme or subject matter of the paper, and frequently used in a paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by looking at the Keywords. Easiness of Highlighting : The function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval and accentuate the gist of the paper.

15. qhsun How to Write Keywords Linguistic Features Nominalization : Keywords are usually used in the from of nouns, not verbs. For example, “investigation” is used instead of “investigate”; “fabricate should be replaced by “fabrication”; and educate ought to be replaced by “education”. Limited Number : The number of keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and most 8. Designated Choice : The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract, where the key terms of words and phrase are usually contained.

16. qhsun How to Write Keywords Writing Requirements Using required terms : The terms of “keywords” should be consistent with the requirements of the journal to which you submit your paper. The section “keywords”, which is also variously called “keywords index”, “keywords and phrases”, indexing terms”, etc. Placing in Right Location : Though keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract. Spacing the Keywords : Keywords are not necessarily all capitalized, except the first letter of Keywords as a heading. Use comma(,) or semicolon(;) to separate the words. Larger partition or space can also be used instead of punctuation. Do not use full stop(.) after the last keyword. Adopting Standard Abbreviation, etc : Standard abbreviations are preferred in the section of keywords. All abbreviated words should be in conformity with ISO norms. Since the keywords are often used as indexing to retrieve the paper, they must be intelligible, at least by professionals in the field.

17. qhsun How to Write Keywords General functions Easiness to Retrieval : As the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representative of the theme or subject matter of the paper, and frequently used in a paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by looking at the Keywords. Easiness of Highlighting : The function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval and accentuate the gist of the paper.