1. PETROLUEM Texas tea black gold rock oil oil

2. HISTORY ► Use goes way back ► Natural tar seeps ► To waterproof baskets and boats ► 1852 – patent for distillation product from rock oil—kerosene–for lamp oil

3. Drake’s Well ► 1859 ► Pennsylvania (Oil Creek); near oil seeps ► Depth 70 feet

4. 1920 ► Development of  lamps  machinery ► Caused or increased demand for  Lubrication  kerosene  gasoline and diesel

5. Establishment of OPEC Arab-Israeli War 1973 ► Resulted in the first major supply-demand- cartel increase in price

6. Price per barrel (42 gal) crude ► 1940 -- $1 ► 1972 -- $2 ► 1974 -- ~$5 ► 1981 -- $38 ► 2000 -- ~$40 ► 2006 -- $76

7. Supplies ► WWI – U. S. produced 2/3 worlds supply from domestic sources; by end of WWI supply strained ► Discovery of E. Texas fields 1930 ► 1955 -- five U. S. companies produced 2/3 of worlds oil; ~1/2 from domestic sources

8. Currently ► Major U. S. suppliers (in order)  Louisiana  Texas  California

9. SOME BACKGROUND

10. Peak Production Projected ► 2010 – 2020 ► At 80 million barrels per day ► NOW – 1 new barrel produced for each 4 consumed

11. Population figures ► 1860 – CA 380,000 ► 1890 – CA 1,100,000 – US 63,000,000 1.7% ► 1960 – CA 15,717,000 – US 180,000,000 7.8% ► 1990 – CA 28,000,000 – US 250,000,000 11% ► 2000 – CA 33,872,000 – US 280,000,000 12%

12. 2000-U. S. sources of energy ► 36.3 – petroleum ► 25.8 – natural gas ► 23.9 – coal ► 6.7 -- hydroelectric ► 6.6 -- nuclear ► 0.8 -- other

13. Derived volumes from 1 barrel (42 gal) ► 1920 ► 11 gal gasoline ► 5.3 gal kerosene ► 20.4 gal oil and lubricants ► 5.3 gal heavy residue (asphalt) ► 2000 ► 21 gal gasoline ► 3 gal jet fuel ► 9 gal special distillates ► 4 lubricants ► 3 heavy residue (asphalt)

14. PRESENT CALIFORNIA PRODUCTION ► Kern County ► Los Angeles

15. LOS ANGELES BASIN ► Deep marine basin in Miocene time with thick sequence of marine sedimentary rock ► Extensively folded and faulted since ► Wilmington field  Most productive single petroleum field in Calif.  2 nd most productive in U. S.

16. Southern San Joaquin Basin ► Deep marine basin in Miocene time with thick sequence of marine sedimentary rock ► Extensively folded and faulted since; some places still active ► Ten of the top twenty producing fields in the U. S.

19. Signal Hill—Los Angles field ► Part of the Willmington field ► Photo about 1930

20. Wooden derrick ► Used until about 1940

21. Modern oil pump

22. Oil traps--characteristics

23. Primary production ► Natural flow or simple pumping ► Some wells have sufficient ‘in-the-rock’ pressure to push the liquid petroleum to the surface – for a time ► Early wells (pre-1940) were produced mostly by this method

24. Primary production ► HOWEVER ----- this produces only about 10 to 20% of the petroleum ► Realize the petroleum is viscous and flows only with difficulty

25. Post-primary production and techniques ► Chemical  Detergents  Thinners ► Physical  water flood (drive)  steam  heat  gaseous hydrocarbons

26. Petroleum generation

27. distillation ► Natural petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons (many times paraffinic) like butane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = C 4 H 10 ► Hydrocarbons in petroleum range from one C to ~50 C ► The greater the number of ‘carbons’ the higher the temperature of boiling – hence boiling separates the different fractions

28. cracking ► Long-chain (high molecular weight) hydrocarbons are not as useful or valued as short-chain hydrocarbons ► So chemists have found a way to break long-chains into multiple short chains, i.e. C 30 H 62 + 2H  2C 15 H 32 (cracking the chain) C 30 H 62 + 2H  2C 15 H 32 (cracking the chain)

29. DRILLING

31. AB C