1. The Romans In Britannia Source: watchmanministries.orgwatchmanministries.orgBy: Alison Crouch

2. Brief Overview Britain before the Romans Britain before the Romans Roman invasion Roman invasion Romanizing Britain Romanizing Britain Temple in Bath Temple in Bath Day at the Baths Day at the Baths History of water History of water First documented case of healing First documented case of healing

3. Pre Roman Britannia Stone Age Stone Age –500,000 years ago –15,000 years ago New Stone Age New Stone Age –4000 BC Bronze Age Bronze Age –2000 BC Chesil Beach Chesil Beach Source: http://courses.wccnet.edu/~jrush/england.htm

4. Tribes of Britannia Celts lived in organized societies Celts lived in organized societies Scattered farming communities Scattered farming communities Bronze and iron technology and goldsmith Bronze and iron technology and goldsmith Women spun, wove, and dyed wool Women spun, wove, and dyed wool Defenses Defenses –Wattle fencing –Ditches Source: uk.games-workshop.com

5. Roman Invasion AD 55 ~ Caesar AD 55 ~ Caesar –10,000 men –80 ships AD 54 ~ Caesar AD 54 ~ Caesar –50,000 troops –2,000 cavalry AD 43 AD 43 –24,000 men –24,000 auxiliary troops Julius Caesar Aulus Plautius Source: The Roman Baths

6. Roman Legions Legion Legion –5,000 men & 120 cavalry II, IX, XIV, and XX II, IX, XIV, and XX Auxiliary troops Auxiliary troops Tasks in country Tasks in country –Subdue conquered territories –Romanize and urbanization Source:www.caerleon.net/history/army/page2.htmlwww.caerleon.net/history/army/page2.html

7. Romanizing Britain Towns Towns –Lay out –Government Houses Houses –Central Heating –Mosaics Roads Roads Source: Crouch

8. Roman Roads Roads Roads –Stone, Gravel, Sand –Drainage Ditch –Dug out 3 feet deep and 23 feet across –Tracks were 8 feet across –Surveyed Source: courses.wccnet.edu/~jrush/england.htm

10. Central Heating Source: http://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/schools/gallery/gall09c.htmhttp://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/schools/gallery/gall09c.htm A Furnace B Under floor chamber C Column of tiles supporting floor D Bridging tiles E Floor of room F Box shaped tiles

11. Aquae Sulis = Bath Pre-Roman Pre-Roman Urban Settlement Urban Settlement –Shops and lodging –Agricultural, pewter manufacturing and stone masonry Spiritual retreat and leisure resort Spiritual retreat and leisure resort Town covered about 23 acres Town covered about 23 acres

12. Sulis Minerva ~ the Waters of Sul Celts Celts –Sul –Goddess of the springs –Lived in water Romans Romans –Minerva –Wisdom and Healing –Lived in water Sulis Minerva Sulis Minerva Source: The Roman Baths Source: Crouch

13. Sacred Spring AD 65 AD 65 1 million liters ~ 46° C or 500,000 gallons ~ 120° F 1 million liters ~ 46° C or 500,000 gallons ~ 120° F Tokens of appreciation Tokens of appreciation –12,000 Roman coins from 1-114 th century AD –Combs, jewelry, brooches, bracelets, and other trinkets Source: Crouch Source: The Roman Baths

14. Curses Written on small scrolls of pewter Written on small scrolls of pewter 130 found in Celtic, Latin, and Cursive 130 found in Celtic, Latin, and Cursive  [ D]ocimedis [p]erdidi (t) manicilia dua qui illas involavi (t) ut mentes sua(s) perd[at] et oculos su[o]s in fano ubi destina  Execro qui involaverit qui Deomiorix de hospitio suo perdiderit quicumque r[es] deus illum inveniat sanguine et vitae suae illud redemat

15. The Temple Source: The Roman Baths

16. The Courtyard Religious ceremonies Religious ceremonies Sacrificial alters Sacrificial alters Other Gods honored Other Gods honored Source: The Roman BathsSource: Crouch

17. The Great Bath Lined with 45 layers of lead Lined with 45 layers of lead 3.9 foot deep 3.9 foot deep –1.6 meters deep 131 foot roof 131 foot roof –40 meters Source: Crouch

18. Day at the baths Diving and swimming Diving and swimming Massage rooms Massage rooms Game rooms Game rooms Weight rooms Weight rooms Business rooms Business rooms Saunas Saunas Pool rooms Pool rooms Change Change Hot pool Hot pool Hot wet room Hot wet room Hot dry room Hot dry room Oil applied and dirt removed Oil applied and dirt removed Tepid pool Tepid pool Cold plunge Cold plunge Strigil Source: romansinsussex.co.uk

19. Where did the water come from? 10,000 years ago ~ Rain water 10,000 years ago ~ Rain water 2700 – 4300 meters deep 2700 – 4300 meters deep 147° - 205 ° F ~ 64° - 96° C 147° - 205 ° F ~ 64° - 96° C 43 minerals 43 minerals Source: Cunliffe

20. Prince Bladud The Legend Source: The Roman Baths Source: www.britannia.com/history/legend

21. Final thoughts