1. Further Data Modelling …and the effect of time

2. Plan Introduction Structured Methods –Data Flow Modelling –Data Modelling –Relational Data Analysis –Further Systems Analysis Topics

3. Relationships Remember… During Normalisation it is important to maintain the relationship between tables These relationships are maintained by Compound Keys (1NF) and foreign keys (3NF)

4. Example 1 – 3NF Student ID Module Code Grade Module Code Module Name Foreign Key Student ID Student Name Course ID Course Compound Key *

5. Relationships Relationships can now be drawn They will be 1:M relationships In general the many end “grabs” the foreign key Compound Keys are also treated as foreign keys

6. Example 1 – 3NF Student ID Module Code Grade Module Code Module Name Student ID Student Name Course ID Course *

7. Student Course Student/Module Module

8. Bottom Up Data Model A normalised set of data can now be represented as an ERD This will improve the communication aspect of Normalisation It also helps to check the sanity of your normalisation

9. Example 2 - 3NF Student ID Name Faculty Student ID Book ID Return Date Book ID Title Author Compound Key

10. Student Loan Book

11. Example 3 - 3NF Customer ID Customer Name Address Branch No* Branch No Branch Manager Customer ID Stock ID Title Format Foreign Key Compound Key

12. Customer Branch Customer/Item Item

13. Data Modelling Entity Relationship Diagrams –Top down view of data modelling –Gives a good overview of system –Good communication tool –May lack accuracy Normalisation –Bottom up view of data modelling –Difficult with large systems –Poor communication tool –Very accurate

14. Data Modelling A hybrid approach gives the benefits of –good communication –more formal approach This is done as follows: –Develop an ERD of the system –Check each entity is in 3NF

15. Data Modelling Another approach to data modelling –Divides the system into user views –Develop an ERD for each Each view is then combined into one whole system ERD TopDog is a Good Example Similar to a Use Case based approach See also (Conolly and Begg, 2000)

16. Further Data Modelling …and the effect of time

17. Entity Life Histories Remember that an entity occurrence is a instance of an entity –E.g. Each student is an occurrence of the entity student Every Occurrence shares the same attributes Every Occurrence is also effected by the same set of events

18. Events External Events –In Big John’s Store, receipt of a customer order caused the creation of an order, and maybe also a customer Internal Events –In the Ticket Agency, the creation of a list of pre- purchase events causes an order to be placed. Time Based –In CD Hotels a statement is produced every week.

19. Events Events will affect entity occurrences in a number of ways Create –A new student record is created when a student registers on a course. Delete –A student record is deleted when a student leaves a course. Update –A student successfully completes year 1 and so their year attributes is updated to Year 2.

20. Events All entity occurrences will be created …all will have some events update them during their lifetime …and all will be deleted at some point The description of these events and the order in which they occur is called an Entity Life History

21. Order of Events The Order in which events can occur is Governed by three primary structures: –Sequence –Selection –Iteration

22. Entity Life History Entity CreationLifeDeletion This diagram represents a sequence of events. This sequence is always read from left to right and is always carried out in the exact order shown.

23. Entity Life History Student RegistrationUpdate RecordsStudent Leaves Student records are created when a student registers, various changes occur during the life of a student entity. Student records are deleted when a student leaves. Example: Student Record at Mulchester University This diagram represents a sequence of events. This sequence is always read from left to right and is always carried out in the exact order shown.

24. Sequence Student RegistrationUpdates 3 Years after departure Student Leaves Mulchester realise that they might need to keep student record after a student has left – so they modify their system so that records are kept for 3 years after a student leaves.

25. Sequence Student RegistrationUpdates 3 Years after departureStudent LeavesCourse Completed A student leaves after a course is complete.

26. Check the Model! This is only correct if a student always leaves after course completed Sometime a student may leave before the course is finished This means there are two conditions under which a student leaves –Either they complete the course and then leave OR they leave pre-maturely This is an example of a Selection

27. Selection Option 2Option n OO Option 1 O ……… Option boxes have an “O” in the top right hand corner The order is no longer important as we are only using one of the options We show selection in ELHs as follows:

28. Selection Student RegistrationUpdates 3 Years after departure Student Leaves (Premature) O Student Leaves (C. Complete) O Note that we do not put the options on the same level as the original sequence. They are placed on the level below with an empty box marking their place in the sequence. In general we do not mix logical structures at the same level on an ELH diagram

29. Updates During the life of the entity, many updates to a student’s personal details occur (student’s move house etc.) These updates can occur one or more times and there is no logical order to them This is an example of an Iteration Structure and its general form is as follows:

30. Iteration Iterated Event * Iteration boxes have a “ * ” in the top right hand corner The event can happen zero, one or many times

31. Iteration Student Registration 3 Years after departure Student Leaves (Premature) O Student Leaves (C. Complete) O Amend Personal Details * Note that, again the iteration is not shown on the same level as the original sequence, but a placeholder is used to show its position in that sequence.

32. Adding More Detail The university realises that it also needs to amend a student’s module details throughout their time on the course This will again be iterative as it can occur any number of times These updates occur anytime between student registration and a student leaving

33. A Solution? Student Registration 3 Years after departure Amend Personal Details * Amend Module Details * Student Leaves (Premature) O Student Leaves (C. Complete) O It says that Module details will only be amended after all amendments to personal detail have been done. This is wrong!

34. A Solution! Student Registration 3 Years after departure * Student Leaves (Premature) O Student Leaves (C. Complete) O Amend Personal Details O Amend Module Details O When an update occurs it could be to the personal details or it could be to the module details – it doesn’t matter which, and now the order in which these occur doesn’t matter. This is correct!

35. A Useful Structure Student Registration 3 Years after departure * Student Leaves (Premature) O Student Leaves (C. Complete) O Amend Personal Details O Amend Module Details O This is a common structure for the life of an entity as it allows updates in any order

36. Further ELH There are other structures that can be applied –Quit/Resume (bit like GOTO) –Parallel Structures –State Indicators State Diagrams are another way of showing the same thing

37. References Lejk, M. and D. Deeks (2002) Systems Analysis Techniques, Addison Wesley 2002 Connolly, T. and C. Begg (2000) Database Solutions, Addison-Wesley, 2000