1. On-Orbit Adjustment Calculation for the Generation-X X-ray mirror Figure D. A. Schwartz, R. J. Brissenden, M. Elvis, G. Fabbiano, D. Jerius, M. Juda, P. B. Reid, S. J. Wolk, (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), S. L. O’Dell, J. K. Kolodziejczak (NASA/MSFC), W. W. Zhang (NASA/GSFC), for the Gen-X Team SPIE Conference 7011 Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray 2008 24 June 2008

2. Generation-X Science Objectives Detection of first black holes at z~10-20 Evolution of Black Holes, Galaxies, Elements, from formation to the present Behavior of matter in extreme environments of Density, Gravity, Magnetic fields, Kinetic Energy.

3. Key Mission Requirements: Large Area, ~50 m 2 at 1 keV Fine angular resolution, 0."1

4. High Resolution Imaging enables Gen-X science objectives

5. Wolter I Grazing Incidence X-ray reflection

6. A Gen-X Mirror Configuration 204 shells, 0.2mm thick 16m outer diameter, (partially filled) 8.3m completely filled, 3.5m inner diameter 60m focal length 1m Shell length (each, P or H), 50mm gap 5' radius FOV 10mm shell clearance

7. Gen-X enabled by Ares V

8. Adjust figure via strain parallel to reflecting surface.

9. Ring Images (Chandra at MSFC cal facility)

10. Profile across ring diagnosis axial quality

11. Raytrace Study Objectives: 1.Detector requirements 1.Placement 2.Resolution 2.Can we detect deviations from ideal figure? 3.Are the measurements practical?

12. Raytrace Study Shells 1, 2, 203, 204 Uniform incident rays, perfect reflection Perfect Wolter I Geometry Perfect kinematic mounting, alignment Trace single axial strip Perturb surface figure by low order Legendre Polynomials Introduce "toy" actuators

13. Measure ~50,000 axial positions (1cm 2 ), ~1000 at once. 500s exposure to Sco X-1 at 2 10 4 s -1 gives 10 4 counts per azimuth per ring. Iterate 10 times at 50% duty cycle, factor 10 margin, 120day initial adjustment Resolve 100 bins with detector resolution 10µ. Require 8.17m forward of focus.

14. Spacing of the figure detector to resolve 40 shells into 100 bins

15. Ring profile for P n distortions proportional to 0.0001/n mm. Image size in focal plane is 0."21 rms and 0."11 half-power Ring Profile can Diagnose Figure Errors!

16. Tilt of P to H by 1µ displaces ring by ~200 µ

17. Poorer quality figure spreads the ring further 19" rms 10" rms 4.8" rms 2.2" rms

18. Requirements on Figuring Detector X-ray range ~0.2 – 4 keV Count 2x10 4 s -1 per field Resolve events to 10µm 100mm x 100mm field Position ~1 to 10 m forward of focus –accuracy ~1cm axial, 1mm radial Radial positioning knowledge better than 10 µ

19. Conclusions (so far) Ring Profile, Position and Spread are extremely sensitive to figure quality On-orbit Measurements are practical Concept would "forward-fit" a distorted raytrace model shell to the ring profile measurement Actuator design is critical for –Sufficient correction amplitude –Avoiding transfer of low spatial frequency figure errors to higher frequencies