1. Electronics Dan Simon Cleveland State University ESC 120 Revised August 28, 2010

2. Voltage Voltage is the amount of work needed to move an electric charge High voltage in an electrical system is like high pressure in a hydraulic system Common outlets in the United States: 120 Volts, 60 Hertz, alternating current (AC) 2

3. Current Electric current: The flow of electric charge (electrons), measured in Amperes One amp of current means a flow of one Coulomb (6.241 × 10 18 electrons) per second  Amps = Coulombs / second High current in an electrical system is like high rate of flow in a hydraulic system 3

4. Power Power: The rate at which current flows, measured in Watts Power is the product of voltage and current  Watts = Volts × Amps Typical power consumption  Air conditioner: 2000 W  Clock: 2 W  Television: 200 W  Light bulb: 100 W 4 Ohio’s average electricity cost: 12 cents per kW-hr

5. Resistors A resistor reduces the rate of flow of electric current, measured in Ohms: V = IR Example: If R1 > R2, then the current through R1 will be less than the current through R2 5

6. Resistor Combinations 6 Series: R = R1 + R2 Parallel: R = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2)

7. 7

8. Potentiometer 8 Trimpot Adjuster

9. Capacitors Capacitors store electrical energy 9

10. Transistors Transistors can be used as electrically-controlled switches. The current through the transistor is proportional to the voltage applied to the base. 10

11. Diodes Diodes allow current to flow only in one direction. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light. The long lead connects to the positive voltage. 11 Current flow

12. Solderless Breadboard 12

13. Breadboard Internal connections in orange 13

14. Wire and Wire Strippers 14

15. Multimeter 15 Measures voltage, current, and resistance. If you get unpredictable readings, check the battery!

16. Power Supply 16 Regulated 5 Volt power supply: “wall wart” You need to cut off the connector so that you can connect the bare wires to your breadboard

17. Breadboard Breadboard with connector posts, ready for power supply connections 17

18. LED Experiment 18 Resistor value should be at least 400 ohms

19. Potentiometer Experiment 19

20. Motor Experiment 20

21. Motor Experiment 21