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Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 1 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Xiangqian (Fred)

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Presentation on theme: "Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 1 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Xiangqian (Fred)"— Presentation transcript:

1 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 1 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Xiangqian (Fred) Wu Sensor Physics Branch Satellite Meteorology and Climatology Division Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR, formally ORA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) With help from many colleagues

2 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 2 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Outline of the assignments:  Overview of the technique  Relation to ASIC 3  Present and planned capabilities  Impediments to progress  Recommendations

3 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 3 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Context Outline of the assignments:  Overview of the technique  Relation to ASIC 3  Necessary conditions for ASIC 3  Common practices  Present and planned capabilities  Impediments to progress  Recommendations

4 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 4 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Context Some Necessary Conditions for ASIC 3 :  Pre-launch  Sensor be fully characterized  Post-launch Sensor performance be  Continuously monitored  Independently validated  Deficiency/Anomaly be identified, resolved, documented, and feedback for re-analysis of historical data development of future sensors

5 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 5 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Context Some common avenues to ASIC 3 (Integrated Cal/Val System):  Verification of internal consistency of onboard calibration  Cross calibration with reference radiances  Dedicated sensor for on-orbit reference  Terrestrial Targets  Celestial targets: Moon, Star  Cross calibration with measured radiances  Among any sensors, e.g., POES vs. GOES, operational vs. research  Same S/C (temporal, geometric), e.g., imager vs. sounder  Same series (spectral, spatial), e.g., POES vs. POES  SNO  Cross calibration with simulated radiances  NWP and CRTM  Monitoring, archiving, and disseminating the results in near real time throughout the sensor's mission life. Weng

6 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 6 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview Outline of the assignments:  Overview of the technique  Definition and Scope  Instrumented and non-instrumented targets  Four types of stable earth targets  Relation to ASIC 3  Present and planned capabilities  Impediments to progress  Recommendations

7 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 7 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Calibration  The extraction of signal from sensor’s measurements …  … by means of reference signal  Vicarious Calibration  the reference is external to the sensor Measurement Artifact At-aperture radiance Calibration signal

8 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 8 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Calibration  The extraction of signal from sensor’s measurements …  … by means of reference signal  Vicarious Calibration  the reference is external to the sensor  Scope of the discussion  Limited to radiometric calibration  Focused on VISNIR (METEOSAT also used it for IR)  Stable earth targets

9 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 9 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Instrumented Earth Targets  Lake Tahoe, Qinghai Lake: IR imaging instruments HookZhang et al

10 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 10 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Instrumented Earth Targets  Lake Tahoe, Qinghai Lake: IR imaging instruments  Railroad Valley (playa), Dunhuang (desert): VISNIR Thome Zhang et al

11 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 11 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Instrumented Earth Targets  Lake Tahoe, Qinghai Lake: IR imaging instruments  Railroad Valley (playa), Dunhuang (desert): VISNIR  MOBY: ocean color NOAA/NESDIS/ORA

12 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 12 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Instrumented Earth Targets  Lake Tahoe, Qinghai Lake: IR imaging instruments  Railroad Valley (playa), Dunhuang (desert): VISNIR  MOBY: ocean color  ARM Sites (SGP CART in particular): IR/MW sounding instruments

13 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 13 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Instrumented Earth Targets  Lake Tahoe, Qinghai Lake: IR imaging instruments  Railroad Valley (playa), Dunhuang (desert): VISNIR  MOBY: ocean color  ARM Sites (SGP CART in particular): IR/MW sounding instruments  Cal/Val Campaign with aircraft/ship CIMSS Scripps

14 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 14 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Instrumented Earth Targets  Lake Tahoe, Qinghai Lake: IR imaging instruments  Railroad Valley (playa), Dunhuang (desert): VISNIR  MOBY: ocean color  ARM Sites (SGP CART in particular): IR/MW sounding instruments  Cal/Val Campaign with aircraft/ship  Stable Earth Targets  Scene Statistics  Scattering & Reflection  Ice Sheet (Greenland, Antarctica)  Desert (North Africa, Australia)

15 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 15 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Scene Statistics  Representative works Brest and Rossow (1992) Tokunu and Itaya (1994) Crosby et al (2005)  Reference Selected scenes, global or regional, all or clouds  Assumptions Statistical characteristics of the selected scenes are invariant in time

16 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 16 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Scene Statistics Crosby et al 2005

17 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 17 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Scene Statistics  Easy to implement No scene selection such as cloud/clear  Fundamental flaw in assuming that certain earth scenes are statistically invariant in time Cannot detect climate change Often violated in shorter time scale  Relative calibration only

18 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 18 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Scattering and Reflection  Representative works Fraser and Kaufman (1986) Kaufman and Holben (1993) Vermote and Kaufman (1995)  Reference Molecular scattering and reflection from sun glint or cloud  Assumptions F&K: VIS measurements at certain angle is dominated by molecular scattering, which is invariant in time and space K&H: Reflection from sun glint is spectrally invariant V&K: –Spectral difference of aerosol scattering is known –Reflection from cloud top is spectrally invariant

19 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 19 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Scattering and Reflection

20 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 20 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Scattering and Reflection  Abundant targets Potential to have very large sample size  Absolute calibration (subject to uncertainty)  Rely on model Uncertainty in model input Sensitivity of model to input uncertainty  Molecular scattering signal is weak (~4%)

21 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 21 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Ice Sheet  Representative works Loeb 1997 Tahnk and Coakley (2001)  Reference Reflection from ice sheet over Greenland and Antarctica  Assumptions TOA reflectance is a quadratic function of solar zenith angle

22 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 22 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Ice Sheet AntarcticaGreenland Channel 1 Channel 2

23 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 23 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Ice Sheet  Strong signal (~1/3 of dynamic range)  Correction involves solar zenith angle Advantage in the presence of orbit drift  Relative calibration  Difficulty in cloud detection (VIS or IR)  Targets distribution – a lot of targets for a short period of time

24 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 24 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Desert  Representative works Staylor (1990) Rao and Chen (1996, 1999)  Reference Reflection from selected desert sites  Assumptions Surface characteristics is stable TOA reflectance is well understood

25 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 25 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Desert From “Desert” by Christoph Heidelauf

26 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 26 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Overview  Desert  Strong signal  Variety of signal Different desert  Relative calibration  Noise (H 2 O, dust/aerosol, O 3 )

27 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 27 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Outline of the assignments:  Overview of the technique  Relation to ASIC 3  Present and planned capabilities  Operational calibration at NOAA/NESDIS  Requirements for climate may differ from those for operations  Impediments to progress  Recommendations

28 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 28 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Since 1996  Monthly update of AVHRR solar bands calibration coefficients  Second Tuesday every month  Disseminate the product  Level 1B data stream  Direct user notification  Web (planned improvement)  All actions archived

29 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 29 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Recent Improvements  Product monitoring  Sinusoidal Function  More checks for non-target pixels (cloud, precipitation, dust)  Target homogeneity  Precision  Current 5-10%  Planned 3-5%

30 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 30 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Product Monitoring & Precision N16 – N17 AVHRR during SNO: Mean ~40%; Difference < 2%

31 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 31 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Product Monitoring & Precision  Standard Deviation Ch. 1Ch. 2Ch. 3 1σ reflectance (%) 0.441.231.00 _ 3σ reflectance _ Mean reflectance 3.58.74.5

32 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 32 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Recent Improvements  Product monitoring  Sinusoidal Function  More checks for non-target pixels (cloud, precipitation, dust)  Target homogeneity  Precision  Current 5-10%  Planned 3-5%  Accuracy: Uncertain  Earlier (Aircraft via NOAA-9): 37.8% for Channel 1  Lately (MODIS, supported by ATSR and MISR): ~41%  Reconcile the difference  Impact on users

33 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 33 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Planned for near future  Account for water vapor variation Refl=α+βt+A*cos(ωt+φ 0 ) Heidinger

34 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 34 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Capabilities Planned for near future  Account for water vapor variation  Other model of target BRDF Refl=α+βt+A*cos(ωt+φ 0 ) cosρ=cosθcosθ 0 + sinθsinθ 0 cos(azm) θ≈0 → cosρ≈cosθ 0 Stable orbit → θ 0 ~t Are θ and θ 0 reciprocal? Is Refl linear function of cosρ? Account for orbit drift (METEOSAT)?

35 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 35 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Impediments Outline of the assignments:  Overview of the technique  Relation to ASIC 3  Present and planned capabilities  Impediments to progress  Target characterization Reference value Diurnal/Annual variation Atmospheric effect (water vapor, aerosol, O 3 )  Sensor characterization  Multiple good targets  Recommendations

36 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 36 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Impediments

37 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 37 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Impediments

38 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 38 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Impediments  Sensor Characterization  Spectral Response Function Inadequately specified Many unknowns Effort to archive all online … … and quantify their uncertainty  Radiometric Calibration Pre-launch calibration procedure

39 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 39 Perfect target generates the same signal …  At different time  On synoptic (“weather”), seasonal (vegetation), and inter-annual (El Niño) scales  High altitude (less water vapor and dust variation)  From different parts  Sensor’s IFOV, navigation error, cloud detection  In different spectral band  Difference/Uncertainty in SRF of sensors  To different directions (sun/sensor geometry)  Flat  Low latitude  Near the upper limit of sensor’s dynamic range  To increase S/N ratio and  To reduce uncertainty when extrapolated  Not contaminated (by clouds)  More for GEO Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Impediments

40 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 40 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Recommendations Outline of the assignments:  Overview of the technique  Relation to asic 3  Present and planned capabilities  Impediments to progress  Recommendations

41 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 41 Vicarious Calibration Using Earth Targets Recommendations  Continue the effort in vicarious calibration using stable earth targets  No other way to measure and calibrate the climate in the past  Collaboration  International (sites, sensors, creativity)  GEO and LEO  Research and operation  Producer and user. Find a good application. NDVI Aerosol Cryosphere Radiation budget  Learn the lesson  Channel alignment (GOES-R ABI with VIIRS)  Better specifications  Operation overlap

42 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 42 Backup

43 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 43 Backup  Some were modified to be aligned with VIIRS  Some differences remain Channel IndexPixel Size (m) Central (nm)  (nm) Aligned With ABIVIIRSABIVIIRSABIVIIRSABIVIIRSVIIRS? 1M310007504704884020No 2I1500375640 10080No 3I210003758608654039Yes 4M92000750138013783015Yes 5I310003751610 60 Yes 6M1120007502260225050 Yes

44 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 44 Backup

45 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 45 Backup

46 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 46 Backup

47 Achieving Satellite Instrument Calibration for Climate Change, May 17, 2006, Lansdowne, VA 47 Backup

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