1. Tobin Fricke University of California with Asmahan Abu-Arish, Dr. Michael Elbaum & Dr. Sharon Wolf 3d reconstruction of a helical protein from electron microscopy

2. Infection by gene transfer from bacterium to plant Growth factor Enzymes to produce opines Can replace with other genes for transformation Evidence for gene transfer to animal cells Agrobacterium tumefaciens

3. electron microscopy Just like optical microscopy, but with electrons instead of photons

4. tomography by looking through an object at many angles, determine its internal structure.

5. back-projection

7. Helical symmetry Translation is equivalent to axial rotation

8. micrographs

9. particles

11. filament picking tool

12. automated picking

13. Results: T-complex structure hollow helical tube diameter 16 nm pitch 5.2 nm 4.3 VirE2/turn shortening factor ~7 3-domain structure of VirE2 single-strand DNA lies on a shelf at the interior of the tube at radius ~5.5 nm 20 kb ssDNA: ext. length 8.  m random coil ~90 nm