1. Introduction to Computing Dr. Nadeem A Khan

2. Lecture 6

3. Local vs Form Variables

4. Not only +,-,*,^ But also: But also: \ opeartor e.g: 5.1\2.04= 2 \ opeartor e.g: 5.1\2.04= 2 MOD operator e.g: 15.2 MOD 6=3 MOD operator e.g: 15.2 MOD 6=3 => First round to closest integers before operation More on Operators

5. More on Operators (Contd.) ► Operator Precedence 1. ^ 2.- operator (indicating a negative value) 3. * and / operator 4. \ operator 5. MOD operator 6. + and - operator

6. Built-in Functions ► Take one or more input values ► Return an output value ► Already seen:  Val(..), Str$(..), Asc(..), Chr(..)

7. Built-in Numeric Functions ► Sqr: calculates square-root and returns the value as double data type e.g: e.g:  Sqr(9) is 3  Sqr(0) is 0  Sqr(2) is 1.414214  Sqr(30*2+4) is 8

8. Built-in Numeric Functions ► Int: Greatest integer less than and equal to a number e.g: e.g:  Int(2.7) is 2  Int(3) is 3  Int(-2.7) is -3

9. Built-in String Functions ► Left$, Mid$, Right$, UCase$, Trim$ Left$(“fanatic”, 3) is “fan”Right$(“fanatic”, 3) is “tic” Left$(“12/15/93”,2) is “12”Right$(“12/15/93”, 2) is “93” Mid$(“fanatic”, 5,1) is “t”Mid$(“12/15/93”,4, 2) is “15” Ucase(“Disk”) is “DISK”Ucase(“12two”) is “12TWO” Trim$(“ 1 2 ”) is “1 2”Trim$(“-12 ”) is “-12”

10. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► Len Len(“Shenandoah”) is ? Len(“Just a moment”) is ? Len(“m”) is ?

11. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► Len Len(“Shenandoah”) is 10 Len(“Just a moment”) is 13 Len(“m”) is 1

12. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► Instr Instr(“Shenandoah”, “nand”) is ? Instr(“Just a moment”, “ ”) is ? Instr(“Croissant”, “ist”) is ?

13. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► Instr Instr(“Shenandoah”, “nand”) is 4 Instr(“Just a moment”, “ ”) is 5 Instr(“Croissant”, “ist”) is 0

14. Built-in Functions (Contd.) Abs(10) is 10 Abs(-10) is 10 Sgn(10) is 1 Sgn(0) is 0 Sgn(-10) is -1

15. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► Format$ Format$(num, fmt) num: number, numeric expression, string of a number fmt: format string Result => String consisting of a formatted version of the number

16. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(12345.628, “Standard”)12,345.63 Format$(12345.628, “Currency”)$12,345.63 Format$(-1234, “Standard”)-1,234.00 Format$(-1234, “Standard”)-1,234.00 Format$(-1234, “Currency”)($1,234.00) Format$(-1234, “Currency”)($1,234.00) =>Result: two digits after decimal; Commas every three places to the left of the decimal point; leading ‘$’ sign for currency

17. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(1/4, “Standard”)? Format$(“.2”, “Currency”)? Format$(-1234.8, “Currency”)?

18. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(1/4, “Standard”)0.25 Format$(“.2”, “Currency”)$0.20 Format$(-1234.8, “Currency”)($1,234.80)

19. Built-in Functions (Contd.) Other functions Other functions ► FunctionString Value Format$(12345.628, “#,0”)12,346 Format$(-3.6, “#,0”)-4 Format$(12345.678, “Percent”)1234567.80% Format$(12345.678, “Scientific”)1.23E+04 Format$(2/3/03, “Long Date”)Monday February 3, 2003 Format$(2/3/03, “Medium Date”)03-Feb-03 =>More examples on following slides

20. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(12345.628, “#,0”)12,346 Format$(-3.6, “#,0”)-4 =>Result: Rounded; =>Result: Rounded; Commas every three places to the left of the decimal point

21. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(123.82, “#,0”)? Format$(-3.2, “#,0”)?

22. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(12345.628, “Percent”)1234562.80% =>Result: Multiplied by 100; trailing % sign; two digits after decimal

23. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(.06265, “Percent”)? Format$(1/8, “Percent”)?

24. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(.06265, “Percent”)6.27% Format$(1/8, “Percent”)12.50%

25. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(12345.628, “Scientific”)1.23E+04 =>Result: first number between 1 and 9.99 and of two digits after decimal; and of two digits after decimal; Exponent value preceded by E and sign; Exponent value preceded by E and sign;

26. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(-600.228, “Scientific”)? Format$(1/8, “Scientific”)?

27. Built-in Functions (Contd.) ► FunctionString Value Format$(-600.228, “Scientific”)-6.00E+02 Format$(1/8, “Scientific”)-1.25E-01

28. Built-in Functions (Contd.) Formatting dates: Formatting dates: ► FunctionString Value Format$(“7/4/96”, “Long Date”)Thursday, July 4, 1996 Format$(“7/4/96”, “Medium Date”) 04-Jul-96

29. Built-in Functions (Contd.) Fixed length string formatting: Fixed length string formatting: ► FunctionString Value Format$(1234567890, “@@@@@@@@@@”)? Format$(123, “@@@@@@@@@@”)? Format$(“1234.56”, “@@@@@@@@@@”)? Format$(“$1,234.56”, “@@@@@@@@@@”)? Format$(1/4, “@@@@@@@@@@”)?

30. Generating Random Numbers The function: Rnd The function: Rnd ► Generates a random number from 0 up to but not including 1 Picture1.Print Rnd‘print a different number each time Let numvar= Rnd‘a random value is assigned

31. Generating Random Numbers (Contd.) The function: Rnd The function: Rnd Display numbers from the set {1,2,3,4,5,6} randomly!

32. Generating Random Numbers (Contd.) The statement: Randomize Timer? The statement: Randomize Timer?

33. Generating Random Numbers (Contd.) The statement: Randomize Timer The statement: Randomize Timer Sub Command1_Click ( ) Rem Display a lottery number Picture1.Cls Randomize Timer Picture1.Print Int(10*Rnd); Picture1.Print Int(10*Rnd) End Sub

34. Sub Text1_KeyPress(KeyAscii as Integer) statements statements End Sub ► Text1_KeyPress event will occur when Text1 has the focus and a key is pressed Text1 has the focus and a key is pressed The Keypress Event Procedure

35. Sub Text1_KeyPress(KeyAscii as Integer) statements statements End Sub ► Keyascii  is a variable (of type Integer)  gets the ANSI value of the pressed key  value is used to display the corresponding character in the Text1 at the end of this procedure The Keypress Event Procedure (Contd.)

36. The ANSI (ASCII) Code ► A 7 bit code representing one of the 95 characters (including space) ► Normally one byte is used to store this code

37. What will happen in these cases? Sub Text1_KeyPress(KeyAscii as Integer) Let KeyAscii =65 Let KeyAscii =65 End Sub Sub Text1_KeyPress(KeyAscii as Integer) Let KeyAscii =0 Let KeyAscii =0 End Sub The Keypress Event Procedure (Contd.)

38. Read Chapter 4 completely

39. Decisions

40. Decision Structure: Flowchart Process Step (s) 2 Is Condition True Process Step (s) 1

41. IF BLOCKS IF condition Then action1Else action 2 action 2 End If

42. IF BLOCK (Contd.) ► Complete the program: Identifies and displays the larger value and its variable (assume unequal values) Sub Command1_Click Dim a As Single, b As Single, largerVal As Single Let a=4 Let b=5... Picture1. Print “Its value is:”;largerVal End Sub

43. IF BLOCK (Contd.) Sub Command1_Click Dim a As Single, b As Single, largerVal As Single Let a=4 Let b=5 If a>b Then Picture1.Print “a has the larger value” largerVal=aElse Picture1.Print “b has the larger value” largerVal=b End If Picture1. Print “Its value is:”;largerVal End Sub

44. IF BLOCK (Contd.) Result: b has the larger value Its value is: 5

45. IF BLOCK (Contd.) What the following program will do?

46. IF BLOCK (Contd.) Sub Command1_Click Dim a As Single, b As Single, largerVal As Single Let a=4 Let b=4 If (a>b) Or (a=b) Then Picture1.Print “a has the larger value” largerVal=aElse Picture1.Print “b has the larger value” largerVal=b End If Picture1. Print “Its value is:”;largerVal End Sub

47. IF BLOCK (Contd.) Result: a has the larger value Its value is: 4

48. IF BLOCK EXTENDED IF condition 1 Then action1 ElseIf condition 2 Then action 2 action 2 ElseIf condition 3 Then action 3 End If

49. IF BLOCK EXTENDED(Contd.) What the following program will do?

50. IF BLOCK EXTENDED(Contd.) Sub Command1_Click Dim a As Single, b As Single Let a=4 Let b=5 If (a>b) Then Picture1.Print “a has the larger value” ElseIf (a<b) Then Picture1.Print “b has the larger value” Else Picture1.Print “a and b have same value” End If End Sub

51. IF BLOCK EXTENDED (Contd.) Result: b has the larger value