1. Cyc Seven Differences between Cyc and Frames Systems

2. Overview I.Cyc: an “ontology editor” and more II.CycL: more expressive than frames III.OE: “Editing the ontology” A.the traditional way B.through natural language

3. More than an “ontology editor” Knowlege Base (KB) –commonsense knowledge –not-so-commonsense knowledge Inference –Modus Ponens: P implies Q; P; hence, Q. –HL modules: specialized reasoners Natural Language Processing –parsing: English to CycL –generation: CycL to English

4. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

5. 1. Constants not OOP objects Constants –entities: #$OsamaBinLaden, #$Texas –collections: #$Pizza, #$NaturalNumber –predicates: #$likesAsFriend, #$isa, #$genls –functions: #$GovernmentFn, #$MotherFn –quantifiers: #$forAll, #$thereExists The meaning of a constant: –The set of sentences in the KB involving it –NOT the set of its slot values

6. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

7. 2. >binary predicates in Cyc #$behaviorCapable, for example –#$arity: 3 –#$arg1Isa: #$SomethingExisting –#$arg2Isa: #$Collection –#$arg2Genl: #$Situation-Temporal –#$arg3Isa: #$Role (#$behaviorCapable #$Bill #$Swimming #$performedBy)

8. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

9. 3. Quantifiiers in Cyc (forAll ?X (implies (isa ?X Woman) (thereExists ?Y (and (isa ?Y Man) (loves ?Y ?X))))) not possible with frames

10. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

11. 4. Modals in Cyc #$beliefs, for example: (#$beliefs #$Pierre (#$equals #$SexualArousal #$Pity)) (Cyc Assertion 1204909) not possible with frames

12. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

13. 5. Meta-Assertions in Cyc (#$salientAssertions #$Roland M (#$fanOf #$Roland #$KingCrimson-MusicGroup))) not possible with frames –b/c there is no assertion object to refer to

14. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

15. 6. Self-Referentiality Assertions about Cyc(L), in Cyc(L) –#$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, #$arity –#$Relation, #$Quantifier, #$EL-Variable –#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate –#$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate –#$CycL –#$Cyc

16. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

17. 7. Implicit inverses Inverses: for example –(#$mother ?kid ?mom) = kid’s mother is mom –(#$motherOf ?mom ?kid) = ditto –so #$motherOf and #$mother are inverses Can be implicitly represented in CycL In a frames system, you have to explicitly represent the inverse of every predicate, which is wasteful.

18. CycL vs. Frames 1.concepts not OOP objects 2.more-than-binary relations 3.quantifiers 4.modals 5.meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic 6.self-referentiality 7.implicit representation of inverses

19. Now let’s play