1. Section 4: Social, Emotional, and Personality Chapter 9 The Self and Identity

2. “ Who are you?” said the Caterpillar. Alice, replied, rather shyly, “I--I hardly know, Sir, just at present--at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I must have changed several times since then.” - Lewis Carroll from Alice in Wonderland

3. The Self  Abstract and Idealistic  Differentiated  The Fluctuating Self  Contradiction within the Self  Real and Ideal, True and False Selves  Social Comparison  Self-Conscious  Self-Protective  Unconscious  Self-Integration Dimensions of Adolescents’ Self- Understanding

4. The Self  Self-Esteem and Self-Concept  What are Self-Esteem and Self-Concept?  How are They Measured?  Are Some Domains More Salient Than Others?

5. The Self  Self-Esteem and Self-Concept  Parental and Peer Influences  Consequences of Low Self-Esteem  Increasing Adolescents’ Self-Esteem

6. 4 Main Ways to Improve Self-Esteem

7. Identity  Erikson’s Ideas on Identity  The Four Statuses of Identity  Developmental Changes

8. Identity  Family Influences  Cultural and Ethnic Aspects  Gender and Identity Development

9. Identity and Intimacy  Intimacy  Erickson’s Sixth Stage  Intimacy vs. Isolation  Orlofsky’s Five Styles  Intimate  Preintimate  Stereotyped  Pseudointimate  Isolated

10. Identity and Intimacy  Intimacy  White’s Stages  Self-Focused Level  Role-Focused Level  Individual-Connected Level

11. Identity and Intimacy  Loneliness  Emotional Isolation  Social Isolation