1. Adaptation or Exaptation? An experimental test of hypotheses on the origin of salinity tolerance in Bufo calamita Ivan Gomez-mestre and Miguel Tejedo 2005

2. Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclution

3. Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclution

4. Adaptation  Differences in phenotype among populations if have a genetic basis.  Confer fitness advantage in environment. (Endler 1986; Sinervo and Basolo 1996).

5. Exaptation As a trait evolved for other usages, and later co-opted for its current function.  feather Gould & Vrba(1982)

6. Trait  Some traits may share a developmental history in spite of metamorphosis  Postmetamorphic traits may be affected by the environment experienced during premetamorphic stages (Goater, 1994; Tejedo et al., 2000;Relyea, 2001; Relyea & Hoverman, 2003)

7. A trait under certain environmental in one life stage could be affected by selection acting on an associated trait from another life stage experiencing a different environment. (Deban & Marks, 2002)

8. Local adaptation of salinity tolerance linked to fitness genetic basis underlying the trait (Gomez-Mestre & Tejedo 2003)

9. Adaptation or Exaptation ? Salinity tolerance may have –direct action of selection –a correlated response to selection acting on some other trait

10. Spain populations (even freshwater populations)have shown higher embryonic salinity tolerance than any of the UK populations steep South-to-North decreasing gradient in genetic diversity (Beebee,1985)

11. North-to-South in western Europe decreasing rainfall increasing evapotranspiration increasing summer drought

12. freshwater is the standard larval environment drought is a more common selective pressure than salinity

13. Exaptation salinity tolerance during embryonic and larval phases drought tolerance during the terrestrial phases The salinity tolerance traits could have evolved as an exaptation. (Arnold, 1994)

14. Hypothesis relies on association between –salinity tolerance in the aquatic stages, –drought tolerance of the terrestrial juvenile and adult stages.

15. Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclution

16. Bufo calamita http://www.herpetofauna.at/amphibien/bufo_calamita.php

17. Three populations freshwater environments –Donana –Pedroso brackish environments –Jarales

18. Exposed juveniles to either humid or dry conditions for 5 weeks –survival –growth –behaviour ： burying and prey capture

19. Two hydric potentials Humid (12 replicates per population) -150 kPa Dry (15 replicates per population) -1150 kPa.

20. vermiculite

21. Burying and prey capture

22. Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclution

23. Survival Weight at metamorphosis significantly affected survival Neither population of origin nor humidity significantly affected survival

25. Growth Growth was not the same across treatments. The dry environment significantly reduced growth rate.

29. However, neither population of origin nor its interaction with humidity affected growth rate.

31. Burying Humidity had a very significant effect on proportion of time spent buried. Toadlets under dry conditions spent more time buried.

33. Morphological changes Body length relative to body mass did not vary significantly between humidity treatments Population of origin did not affect relative changes in morphology.

35. Prey capture success Toadlets from the humid treatment –more attempts at prey capture –higher efficiency

37. Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclution

38. Decreased growth rates physiological adjustments, shifts in behaviour osmotic stress interfere with the control of tongue

39. Decreased growth rates smaller size reduced ability to capture prey

40. Lack of association between drought and salinity tolerance the reaction of the three populations across environments were remarkably paralle high similarity in drought tolerance among populations

41. Explain why First –the level of drought used in the experiment may not have been stressful enough –may be expressed only at the hardest conditions

42. Secondly –populations are not isolated –substantial variation in salinity tolerance within freshwater populations

43. (Gomez-Mestre & Tejedo, 2003)

44. Third –different pathways for osmoregulatory physiology may simply –however,dismiss the coupling hypothesis the information available on tadpole osmoregulation is scarce

45. aquatic and terrestrial stages may have different physiological responses to osmotic stress each evolving independently of the other.

46. Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclution

47. Salinity tolerance in the aquatic phase of B. calamita is more likely to have evolved in these populations as an adaptation, rather than an exaptation from drought tolerance.

48. Thanks for your attention

49. Environmental heterogeneity tends to increase the phenotypic plasticity of traits (when populations exchange migrants) However, when migration is restricted, selection under extreme conditions tends to favor local adaptation over plasticity (Pigliucci 2001) (Rawson and Hilbish 1991; Sultan and Spencer 2002)

51. common garden experiments