1. The Quest for Green Knowledge Andrew Jamison Mixing Science and Politics in Environmental Governance

2. A Story of Hubris ”...impious disregard of the limits governing human action in an orderly universe. It is the sin to which the great and gifted are most susceptible, and in Greek tragedy it is usually the hero's tragic flaw.” (Encyclopedia Britannica)

3. “The climate crisis is not a political issue, it is a moral and spiritual challenge to all of humanity. It is also our greatest opportunity to lift global consciousness to a higher level.” from Al Gore’s Nobel acceptance speech For example: Al Gore

4. ”offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits” (Encyclopedia Britannica) or, more colorfully: ”By the late twentieth century, our time, a mythic time, we are all chimeras, theorized and fabricated hybrids of machine and organism...” (Donna Haraway)...and Hybrids

5. “California is mobilizing technologically, financially and politically to fight global warming change….What we are doing is changing the dynamic, preparing the way, and encouraging the future.” Arnold Schwarzenegger at the UN For example?

6. ...versus (Habit)us ”...a set of dispositions which generates practices and perceptions. The habitus is the result of a long process of inculcation, beginning in early childhood, which becomes a ’second sense’ or a second nature.” (Randal Johnson on Pierre Bourdieu)

7. “it seems very unrealistic and conservative to assume that we will not adapt to rising temperatures throughout the 21st century.“ from Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist’s Guide to Global Warming For example: Bjørn Lomborg

8. The Making of Green Knowledge Awakening: 1960s  Public education, criticizing (big) science Organization: 1970-1980s  Social movements, appropriate technology Normalization: 1990s  Sustainable development, green business Globalization: 2000s-  Dealing with climate change – and the skeptics!

9. From the Cognitive Praxis of Environmental Movements  Cosmological dimension: social ecology, ”limits to growth”  Technological dimension: appropriateness, ”radical technology”  Organizational dimension: participatory research, ”citizen science”

10. Green BusinessSkepticism Green Knowledge (Hubris)(Habitus) (Hybrids) key actors experts entrepreneurschange agents forms of research and business as usualexemplary action developmentmobilization organizational (multi)disciplinary transnational cooperative form teamsactor-networks alliances type of specialized, subjective, integrative, knowledge objective constructivesituated...to Contending Regimes of Environmental Governance

11. From a social movement... Tvindmøllen 1977-1978

12. ...to Green Business VESTAS, the Danish wind energy company The Toyota Prius

13. Changing Contexts of Knowledge Making Mode 1 Mode 1½Mode 2 “Little Science” “Big Science” “Technoscience” Before WWII1940s-1970s 1980s- Type of Knowledge disciplinarymultidisciplinary transdisciplinary Organiza- individuals and R&D departments ad hoc projects and tional form research groups and institutes networks Dominant values academic bureaucratic commercial

14. From Little Science to Big Science  change in size and scale  mission orientation, external control  university-government collaboration  bureaucratic norm, or value system  new role for the state: ”science policy”  the emergence of environmentalism

15. Big Science as Hubris......and as Habitus

16. The Hybrid Imagination: Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) ”The whole industrial world – and instrumentalism is only its highest conscious expression - has taken values for granted...”

17. The Hybrid Imagination: Rachel Carson (1907-64) ”The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.”

18. From Big Science to Technoscience  change in range and scope  market orientation, global reach  university-industry collaboration  entrepreneurial norm or value system  the state as strategist: innovation policy  the emergence of green business

19. The Emergence of Green Business environmental economics and policy sustainable development Environmental awareness, or consciousness natural capitalismecoefficiency pollution prevention, cleaner technologies pollution control, ”end-of pipe” industrial ecology renewable energy ecological modernization

20. ”The fundamental assumption [is] that economic growth and the resolution of ecological problems can, in principle, be reconciled…” Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse, 1995 The Discourse of Ecological Modernization

21. Green Business as Cognitive Praxis From ”movement”…to ”institutions” appropriate technologygreen products organizational alliances competing firms ecological society sustainable growth public education popularization/marketing integrating knowledge seeking market niches movement intellectualsgreen salesmen

22. Science and Green Business  Environmental problems seen primarily as providing new opportunities for scientists and engineers  A multidisciplinary, big science model of research (IPCC) and a linear model of innovation  A tendency toward hubris: the myth of science-based progress and the technical fix  A continuing belief in the distinterested objectivity of science, and on a rational, science-based politics

23. The Anti-Environmentalist Backlash  an outgrowth of neo-conservatism and neo-nationalism  supported financially by ”big oil” and agro-industry  skeptical about importance of environmental problems  an organized opposition to green business  technoscience’s nemesis: the entrepreneurial academic

24. Skeptical Environmentalism, a la Lomborg  mode 2, or socially robust knowledge: the ”context speaks back” (in this case, the Danish habitus)  the political manipulation of facts and numbers  the academic goes to market – and the media  commercial epistemic criteria: ”more environment for the money” (cost-benefit analysis)

25. Transdisciplinarity, or ”mode 2” ”Knowledge which emerges from a particular context of application with its own distinct theoretical structures, research methods and modes of practice but which may not be locatable on the prevailing disciplinary map.” Michael Gibbons et al, The New Production of Knowledge (1994:168)

26. The Need for a ”Mode 3”, or Change-Oriented Research  Problem-driven, rather than solution-driven  Intervention in ongoing political process  Active, rather than explanatory ambition  Narrative form of presentation, ”telling stories”  Participatory, dialogue methods (e.g. focus groups)  Engagement, or involvement in what is studied

27. ...and a Hybrid Imagination  At the discursive, or macro level: connecting environmentalism and global justice  At the institutional, or meso level creating contexts, or sites for collective learning  At the practitioner, or micro level combining different forms of knowledge and action

28. For example: Vandana Shiva

29. Vandana Shiva’s Hybrid Imagination On the discursive level – ecofeminism, public accountability, ”earth democracy” On the institutional level - organic agriculture, political ecology, global justice On the personal level – rhetorical knowledge, advocacy research, public science

30. Or, in the words of Peter Garrett, Australia’s new Environment Minister Out where the river broke The bloodwood and the desert oak Holden wrecks and boiling diesels Steam in forty five degrees The time has come, to say fair's fair To pay the rent, to pay our share The time has come, a fact's a fact It belongs to them, let's give it back How can we dance when our earth is turning How do we sleep while our beds are burning Four wheels scare the cockatoos From Kintore East to Yuendemu The western desert lives and breathes In forty five degrees

31. We need to change our ways And how we spend our days, Stop taking so much from the earth And learn what life is really worth. We've taken more than we should And we've done less than we could, We've taken chances with our fate Oh, let us hope it's not too late. We need to change our minds Before the world unwinds, Learn of the patterns and the flows, From where life comes and where it goes. We need to change our schools And rearrange our tools, Teach our children how to share And teach each other how to care. In other words (and please sing along): We need to change our ways