1. 1 Lecture 11: The Network Layer Slides adapted from: Congestion slides for Computer Networks: A Systems Approach (Peterson and Davis) Chapter 3 slides for Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet (Kurose and Ross) ITCS 6166/8166 091 Spring 2007 Jamie Payton Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina at Charlotte February 14, 2007

2. 2 Announcements Homework 2 –Due: Feb. 16 at 5 pm –Submit through WebCT Homework 3 –Available! –Due: Feb. 21

3. 3 Homework 3 Helpful Tips TCP timeout –Doubles after a packet loss Simple form of congestion control TCP congestion window –At the conceptual level Doubles each RTT –In implementation Window size increases by 1 MSS for every ACK

4. 4 The Network Layer Function of network layer –Provide end-to-end connectivity Addressing Forwarding and Routing Two network types –Connection-oriented Virtual circuit networks –Connectionless Datagram networks

5. 5 Network Layer Overview: Forwarding and Routing Forwarding: move packets from router’s input to appropriate router output Routing: determine route taken by packets from source to dest. –routing algorithms analogy: routing: process of planning trip from source to destination forwarding: process of getting through single interchange

6. 6 1 2 3 0111 value in arriving packet’s header routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link 0100 0101 0111 1001 32213221 Network Layer Overview: Forwarding and Routing

7. 7 Network Layer Overview: Network Service Models Network service model defines characteristics of end-to-end transport Example services for individual datagrams: guaranteed delivery guaranteed delivery with less than 40 msec delay Example services for a flow of datagrams: in-order datagram delivery guaranteed minimum bandwidth to flow restrictions on changes in inter-packet spacing

8. 8 Network Layer Overview: Network Layer Service Models Network Architecture Internet ATM Service Model best effort CBR VBR ABR UBR Bandwidth none constant rate guaranteed rate guaranteed minimum none Loss no yes no Order no yes Timing no yes no Congestion feedback no (inferred via loss) no congestion no congestion yes no Guarantees ?

9. 9 Network Layer Overview: Connections Have two types of networks –Connection-oriented –Connectionless Similar to services in transport layer, but –service: host-to-host –no choice: network provides one or the other –implementation: in network core Support different network service models

10. 10 Virtual Circuit Networks Provide connection-oriented service through virtual circuits (VC) Connection process –Connection setup –Data transfer –Connection teardown Router maintains state for every connection Possible services provided –In-order packet delivery –Guaranteed bandwidth –Guaranteed maximum jitter Examples: ATM networks

11. 11 VC Implementation A VC consists of: 1.path from source to destination 2.VC numbers, one number for each link along path 3.entries in forwarding tables in routers along path Packet belonging to VC carries VC number VC number can be changed on each link. –New VC number comes from forwarding table

12. 12 VC Forwarding Table 12 22 32 1 2 3 VC number interface number Outgoing VC # 1 12 3 22 2 63 1 18 3 7 2 17 1 97 3 87 … … Forwarding table in NW router: Routers maintain connection state information ! Incoming interfaceIncoming VC # Outgoing interface

13. 13 Datagram Networks Provide connectionless network-layer transport through datagram networks Packets are sent independently of each other –Each packet has full set of control information Sent using destination address –Every switch needs to be able to handle any packet No need for per-connection state Services –“Best-effort” –Not in-order delivery –No guarantees on bandwidth, jitter Used in the Internet!

14. 14 Internet Network Layer Relies on: –Internet Protocol (IP) Data format and transfer –Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Error handling –Routing protocols Determines forwarding tables Network Layer

15. 15 IP Protocol IP packet format – 20 byte header –+ options –+ data IP header –Version –Source and destination addresses –Length –Upper layer protocol –Time-to-live (TTL) –Header checksum –Fields for “fragmentation”

16. 16 IP Fragmentation & Reassembly Network links have MTU (max. transfer size) –largest possible link-level frame –different link types, different MTUs Large IP datagram is “fragmented” –one datagram becomes several datagrams –“reassembled” at final destination –IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams reassembly

17. 17 IP Fragmentation and Reassembly ID =x offset =0 fragflag =0 length =4000 ID =x offset =0 fragflag =1 length =1500 ID =x offset =185 fragflag =1 length =1500 ID =x offset =370 fragflag =0 length =1040 One large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams Example 4000 byte datagram MTU = 1500 bytes 1480 bytes in data field offset = 1480/8

18. 18 Overview of IP Addressing A 32-bit globally unique identifier for an interface –Typically written in dotted-decimal notation: 192.168.0.1 IP address assignment –In blocks of neighboring IP addresses: “subnets” –Notation: lowest address / prefix: 192.168.0.128/25 Allocation of addresses is crucial for routing

19. 19 IP Addressing IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface interface: connection between host/router and physical link –routers typically have multiple interfaces –host typically has one interface –IP addresses associated with each interface 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001 223 111

20. 20 Subnets IP address: –subnet part (high order bits) –host part (low order bits) What’s a subnet ? –device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address –can physically reach each other without intervening router 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 network consisting of 3 subnets subnet

21. 21 Subnets 223.1.1.0/24 223.1.2.0/24 223.1.3.0/24 Recipe To determine the subnets, detach each interface from its host or router, creating islands of isolated networks. Each isolated network is called a subnet. Subnet mask: /24

22. 22 IP Addressing: CIDR CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing –subnet portion of address of arbitrary length –address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in subnet portion of address 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 subnet part host part 200.23.16.0/23

23. 23 IP Addresses: How to Get One? Q: How does host get IP address? hard-coded by system admin in a file –Wintel: control-panel->network->configuration- >tcp/ip->properties –UNIX: /etc/rc.config DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: dynamically get address from as server –“plug-and-play” (more in next chapter)

24. 24 IP Addresses: How to Get One? Q: How does network get subnet part of IP addr? A: gets allocated portion of its provider ISP’s address space ISP's block 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/20 Organization 0 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/23 Organization 1 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 200.23.18.0/23 Organization 2 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 200.23.20.0/23... ….. …. …. Organization 7 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000 200.23.30.0/23

25. 25 Hierarchical Addressing: Route Aggregation “Send me anything with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20” 200.23.16.0/23200.23.18.0/23200.23.30.0/23 Fly-By-Night-ISP Organization 0 Organization 7 Internet Organization 1 ISPs-R-Us “Send me anything with addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16” 200.23.20.0/23 Organization 2...... Hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information:

26. 26 Hierarchical Addressing ISPs-R-Us has a more specific route to Organization 1 “Send me anything with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20” 200.23.16.0/23200.23.18.0/23200.23.30.0/23 Fly-By-Night-ISP Organization 0 Organization 7 Internet Organization 1 ISPs-R-Us “Send me anything with addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16 or 200.23.18.0/23” 200.23.20.0/23 Organization 2......

27. 27 IP Addressing Q: How does an ISP get block of addresses? A: ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers –allocates addresses –manages DNS –assigns domain names, resolves disputes

28. 28 Network Address Translation (NAT) Limited number of IP addresses –Block of addresses reserved for “local” use –10.*.*.* and 192.168.*.* Network address translator –Connects local net through single outside IP address

29. 29 NAT: Network Address Translation 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 S: 10.0.0.1, 3345 D: 128.119.40.186, 80 1 10.0.0.4 138.76.29.7 1: host 10.0.0.1 sends datagram to 128.119.40.186, 80 NAT translation table WAN side addr LAN side addr 138.76.29.7, 5001 10.0.0.1, 3345 …… S: 128.119.40.186, 80 D: 10.0.0.1, 3345 4 S: 138.76.29.7, 5001 D: 128.119.40.186, 80 2 2: NAT router changes datagram source addr from 10.0.0.1, 3345 to 138.76.29.7, 5001, updates table S: 128.119.40.186, 80 D: 138.76.29.7, 5001 3 3: Reply arrives dest. address: 138.76.29.7, 5001 4: NAT router changes datagram dest addr from 138.76.29.7, 5001 to 10.0.0.1, 3345

30. 30 Internet Network Layer Relies on: –Internet Protocol (IP) Data transfer –Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Error handling –Routing protocols Determines forwarding tables Network Layer

31. 31 ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol Used by hosts & routers to communicate network-level information –Error reporting Unreachable host Unreachable Network Unreachable Port Unknown Protocol –Echo request/reply Used by ping Network-layer “above” IP: –ICMP msgs carried in IP datagrams ICMP message: –Type –Code –First 8 bytes of IP datagram causing error

32. 32 ICMP Messages Type Code description 0 0 echo reply (ping) 3 0 dest. network unreachable 3 1 dest host unreachable 3 2 dest protocol unreachable 3 3 dest port unreachable 3 6 dest network unknown 3 7 dest host unknown 4 0 source quench (congestion control - not used) 8 0 echo request (ping) 9 0 route advertisement 10 0 router discovery 11 0 TTL expired 12 0 bad IP header

33. 33 Internet Network Layer Relies on: –Internet Protocol (IP) Data transfer –Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Error handling –Routing protocols Determines forwarding tables Network Layer

34. 34 Summary Network Layer –Connection versus connectionless Virtual Circuits vs. Datagram Networks –Network Layer Functions Addressing Next time: Forwarding and Routing