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The Great War and the Russian Revolutions, 1890 – 1918

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1 The Great War and the Russian Revolutions, 1890 – 1918
CHAPTER 31 The Great War and the Russian Revolutions, 1890 – 1918 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

2 1. The Path to War and Revolution
A. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1890 – 1907 1. Bismarck’s alliance system 2. Reversal of Bismarck’s diplomacy 3. The diplomatic revolution 4. German isolation and aggression 5. Russia and its challenges B. The Crisis of 1908 – 1913 1. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908 – 1909 2. The Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911 3. Italy, the Ottomans, and war in the Balkans Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

3 2. Deadlock and Devastation, 1914 – 1916
A. Stalemate on the Western Front 1. Initial assumptions and strategies 2. Trench warfare B. Efforts to Break the Stalemate 1. Offensives in the East and Southeast 2. The war at sea 3. The Verdun, Somme, and Brusilov offensives Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

4 2. Deadlock and Devastation, 1914 – 1916 (cont’d)
C. The War Against Germany’s Colonies 1. Japan occupies Germany’s Pacific empire 2. Devastation in Africa D. Civilian Life During the Great War 1. Economic and social change 2. Malnutrition and disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

5 3. Year of Revolution, 1917 A. The United States Enter the War
1. Neutrality 2. Submarine warfare B. Mutinies in the French Army C. The Russian Revolutions 1. Stresses and strains of the Great War 2. The fall of the Russian monarchy 3. Dual power and the Bolshevik challenge 4. The Bolshevik triumph Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

6 4. Year of Decision, 1918 A. Russian Withdrawal from the War
1. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk B. The Great March Offensive and the Influenza Pandemic C. Decision in Southwest Asia 1. Armenia 2. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire D. The Path to Armistice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Over The Top U.S. infantry goes “over the top,” emerging from a trench on the Western Front of the Great War in Trench warfare became the most memorable feature of this traumatic, bloody conflict.

8 William II, Kaiser of Imperial Germany.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. William II, Kaiser of Imperial Germany.

9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

10 A textile mill in Tashkent, Russian Central Asia, around 1900.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. A textile mill in Tashkent, Russian Central Asia, around 1900.

11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Archduke Franz Ferdinand (left) and Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary.

12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. The most famous recruiting poster ever devised, featuring the face of British Field Marshal Lord Kitchener.

14 Dead soldiers in a trench on the Western Front.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Dead soldiers in a trench on the Western Front.

15 Troops from Australia and New Zealand at Gallipoli.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Troops from Australia and New Zealand at Gallipoli.

16 The Lusitania while it was still afloat.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. The Lusitania while it was still afloat.

17 Devastated landscape, Northern France.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Devastated landscape, Northern France.

18 Austro-Hungarian soldiers wearing gas masks.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Austro-Hungarian soldiers wearing gas masks.

19 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

20 An ammunition factory in India.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. An ammunition factory in India.

21 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

22 Women workers in a British shipyard.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Women workers in a British shipyard.

23 Anti-German propaganda.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Anti-German propaganda.

24 Burying the fallen, Petrograd, March 1917.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Burying the fallen, Petrograd, March 1917.

25 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Lenin.

26 Bolshevik poster extolling the revolution.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Bolshevik poster extolling the revolution.

27 An Ottoman grenade with a fuse made from rope.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. An Ottoman grenade with a fuse made from rope.

28 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

29 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

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