1. Digital to Analog (D/A) Converter Discussion D2.2

2. Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) Counting in Binary R-2R Ladder Network

3. Counting in Binary Position:2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 84218421 0000000000 0001100011 0010200102 0011300113 0100401004 0101501015 0110601106 0111701117 1000810008 BINARY HEX

4. Counting in Binary 1000810008 1001910019 1010A1010A 1011B1011B 1100C1100C 1101D1101D 1110E1110E 1111F1111F BINARY HEX Position:2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 8421

5. Counting in Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 BINARY DEC 52 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 163 1 1 1 1 255

6. Digital to Analog Converter Counting in Binary R-2R Ladder Network

7. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Converter

8. The R-2R Ladder DAC [B3..B0] 0000 0001 0010 ---- 1101 1110 1111 V 0 1/16 2/16 ---- 13/16 14/16 15/16

9. 3-bit R-2R Ladder Network KCL

12. Table 11.1 Output of R-2R Ladder Network in Fig. 11.6 B2B2 B1B1 B0B0 V2V2 0000 0011/8 0102/8 0113/8 1004/8 1015/8 1106/8 1117/8

13. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Converter

14. PSpice simulation

15. PSpice simulation results