1. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

2. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

3. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Figure 16.1 Methane and Oxygen React

4. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Figure 16.2 Rate of Reaction

5. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 16.3 The Expansion of an Ideal Gas into an Evacuated Bulb

6. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Figure 16.4 Three Possible Arrangements (states) of Four Molecules in a Two- Bulbed Flask

7. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Figure 16.5 Entropy

8. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Figure 16.6 H 2 O Molecule

9. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Figure 16.7 Schematic Representations of Balls Rolling Down into Two Types of Hills

10. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Figure 16.8 The Dependence of Free Energy on Partial Pressure

11. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Figure 16.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium

12. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Figure 16.10 A Battery