1. An Overview of Case Study Research Methods

2. What is a case study? Why conduct a case study? In-depth analysis of topic using multiple sources of evidence Richly descriptive, grounded in deep and varied sources of information Good for showing how something happens/works in a real life situation / Understanding a complex issue Explore; Describe; Explain

3. Unit of Analysis Case selected because they are: highly effective; not effective; representative; of special interest Choosing Your Case Study

4. Methods of Analysis (Types of Evidence) Documentation Interviews Direct Observation Participant Observation...and Others (Survey, Artifacts, etc.) Why multiple?...Triangulation

5. How to Conduct Case Studies Determine / define research question good for “how” & “why” questions / limited number of events and their interrelationships Select cases & determine data gathering / analysis techniques not a “sampling technique” -- select to maximize what can be learned with multiple cases, each is a single case with conclusions contributing to the whole study Prepare to collect data systematic organization is key! Collect / evaluate data Prepare the report (and graduate!)

6. Analyzing the Evidence Before writing up your case study, you need to analyze the data -- keep focused on your research question Pattern matching: a set of results is predicted, then compared to actual results Explanation building: a particular explanation (e.g. theory) use to analyze the data Time-series analysis: looks at trends over time, matching with possible explanations Logic models: a complex chain of events and looks at relationship between independent variables (causes) and dependent variables (events) Cross-case synthesis: findings are analyzed across cases and generalizations made

7. Analyzing the Evidence cont. Key tips: 1. Cover all relevant evidence; account for alternative hypotheses and explanations 2. Focus on most significant aspects of the case 3. Analysis should cover general points from this particular case, and the implications for practice (What are your specific recommendations?)

8. Writing Up a Case Study Remember your audience Use short-story writing technique (each element moves the narrative forward) Openings: grab the reader’s attention Scenes should follow a logical order and illustrate a point, concept or issue related to the problem(s) you are attempting to address Carry the narrative forward (should not be simply a recitation of events) Relate directly to the problems/issues you are exploring (e.g. tie in to research question) Provide relevant details

9. Resources for Case Study Research Applications of case study research, by Robert K. Yin, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2003. Case study research: design and methods, by Robert K. Yin, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. Case study research: principles and practices, by John Gerring. NY: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2007. Program evaluation: methods and case studies, by Emil J. Posavac, Raymond G. Carey, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences, by Bruce L. Berg, 6th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon, 2007. See Chapter 10: Case Studies.

10. Conducting In-Depth Interviews Lecture adapted from Prof. Shishir Mathur

11. Purpose of Interviews Generate ideas Develop hypothesis Gain insight into complex issues Seek expert opinion Get people’s opinion; learn how they look at the world Collect information

12. Pre-Interview Prepare, prepare, prepare! Know your objectives and information needed. Select interviewees -- rationale Prepare questions Clearly worded; neutral; value of open-ended questions; possible probes/follow-up questions But, be flexible -- take advantage of opportunities Initial contact

13. Interview Process Face-to-face; phone Non-distracting setting (for face-to-face) Introduction/review purpose/informed consent Redundant note taking Carefully constructed question order (more later) Be flexible (skip questions, ask probes) Closing question

14. Post-Interview Reserve time to re-write/organize notes Time-consuming, but an essential piece Follow-up with interviewee

15. Types of Interviews Informal, conversational: no predetermined questions asked (based on rough topic list you want to cover); adaptable to interviewee’s nature & priorities; “go with the flow” BUT difficult to do effectively, tough to analyze/compare with others, can get off-topic quickly, can be time-consuming Standardized, open-ended interview: same open- ended questions asked to all; faster interviews; easier to analyze, less flexibility/opportunity to explore new avenues (can build in prompts to allow this) Closed, fixed-response interview: same questions and same set of pre-determined responses (like a survey)

16. Sequence of Questions Get respondents involved in interview as soon as possible (limited time, ask only “important” questions) Start off with “easy” questions (e.g. facts rather than controversial issues) Intersperse fact-based questions throughout Make sure your “key” questions aren’t at very end (in case you run out of time) Transition between major topics Importance of closing question

17. Review (Interview) Research Stages Thematizing: why and what of the research Designing: plan the study (including interview guide) Interviewing: conduct based on a guide (best format for 298 research) Transcribing: prepare material for analysis, time- consuming Analyzing: looks for themes, key points related to research questions, compare/contrast across interviews Verifying: assess validity of findings (multiple sources of information) Reporting: write up report using information/analysis from interviews

18. Sources of Error/Bias Interviewee/Respondent Induced Bias Memory, exaggeration, hidden agenda, misunderstand, lack of expertise, incomplete answer, courtesy Interview Induced Bias React to response, voice inflections, desire to help, biased questions, question order, appearance